The Effect Of Cryotherapy Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter summarizes the major findings, restrictions, deductions in the field of nursing instruction, nursing pattern, nursing research and recommendations for farther research. The survey was conducted with the aims to place the effectivity of cryotherapy prior to passive stretching on the degree of spasticity and manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis in Families for kids, Coimbatore. A quasi experimental, pretest post-test with control group design was adopted for the survey. Purposive sampling technique was used to choose the samples for the survey. Entire figure of samples selected for the survey was 30. The selected samples were indiscriminately assigned to experimental and command group instead. Initially the degree of spasticity and manus map was measured utilizing Ashworth graduated table and Zancolli categorization manus map graduated table before intercession. For experimental group, cryotherapy was given for 20 proceedingss prior to passive stretching on the flexor compartment of the forearm and no intercession given to command group. The degree of spasticity and manus map were reassessed after 10 yearss. ‘t ‘ trial for depe ndant and independent samples was used to happen out the consequence of cryotherapy prior to passive stretching on the degree of spasticity and manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis. The findings from the survey concluded that, cryotherapy prior to passive stretching was effectual in cut downing the spasticity and betterment in manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis.6. 1. Major FINDINGS OF THE STUDYCryotherapy prior to passive stretching was found to be effectual in cut downing the degree of spasticity and betterment of manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis The consequence shows that, there is a important decrease in degree of spasticity in experimental group when compared to the control group among kids with intellectual paralysis. The consequence shows that, there is a important betterment of manus map in experimental group when compared to command group among kids with intellectual paralysis.6. 2. RECOMMENDATIONSCryotherapy prior to passive stretching can be used as a everyday intercession among kids with intellectual paralysis. A survey can be conducted utilizing ice application prior to passive stretching on spasticity and reduced scope of gesture in lower limbs in kids with intellectual paralysis6. 3. Nursing DeductionThe wellness professionals particularly paediatric nurses have a major function in supplying compassionate attention to kids. The nurses have the duty in assisting kids for monitoring and pull offing the attention for the kids with disablements like intellectual paralysis. Cryotherapy is one of the cost effectual method to cut down spasticity and bettering manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis prior to passive stretching. Consequences of this survey have deductions in nursing instruction, nursing pattern, nursing disposal and nursing research.6. 3. 1. Nursing EducationChildren with spasticity receive assorted methods of intervention like physical therapy. To pull off the symptoms efficaciously there are many alternate therapies like hydropathy, cold therapy and other exercisings. Among these therapies cryotherapy is one of the alternate intervention. In the field of nursing instruction, disposal of cryotherapy prior to passive stretching exercisings is concerned with holistic attention of patients. Therefore, it is appropriate to integrate alternate therapies like cryotherapy into nursing course of study.6. 3. 2. Nursing PracticeNursing consists of a organic structure of cognition that is ever altering with new inventions. Integration of inventions into nursing pattern improves the quality of attention provided to paediatric population. Ice application facilitates the decrease of spasticity and helps in betterment of manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis. The intercession of ice application enhances the accomplishment and attempt of paediatric nurses in cut downing spasticity and bettering manus map during the process. Hence, ice application can be adopted as a everyday pattern before inactive stretching exercisings in kids with intellectual paral ysis.6. 3. 3. Nursing AdministrationWhen non-pharmacological therapy progresss, the decision maker has the duty of supplying paediatric nurses with significant go oning instruction chances and enabling them to update their cognition with current research findings. The nurse decision makers must pull written policies sing the benefits of cryotherapy for cut downing spasticity and bettering manus map prior to passive stretching in kids with intellectual paralysis6.3.4. Nursing ResearchNursing research must concentrate more on the grounds based and holistic pattern by understanding the assorted techniques that can convey about important positive and psychological results for kids. The alternate therapy like ice application as one of the nursing intercession for kids with spasticity and decreased manus map which is an low-cost and effectual manner can be practiced based on research findings. The findings of the present survey can be utilized by the nurse research worker to lend to new cognition sing spasticity direction. The consequences from the present survey will assist the paediatric nurses in pull offing intellectual kids with spasticity.6. 4. DecisionCryotherapy is a non-pharmacological therapy used in the present survey to measure the degree of spasticity and manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis. The findings revealed that, cryotherapy was effectual in cut downing spasticity and bettering manus map. The therapy is besides cost effectual. Hence, the research worker concluded that, all paediatric nurses should follow this intercession in their clinical pattern to cut down spasticity and bettering manus map among kids with spastic intellectual p aralysis.

Brindis Speech

The speech was Rizal’s toast to the triumph of Juan Luna’s Spolarium and Felix Hidalgo’s Las Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al populacho in their work of arts whose works illuminates two ends of the globe: East and West (Spain and the Philippines). It’s about the acknowledgement and thanking them for the pride and glory they gave to the Filipinos. But most of all, he gives praise to those youth’s actions that can make a difference and contribute to the glory of the Philippines.He wanted to make the people realize that glory doesn’t based to a country alone. What he wanted to prove is that geniuses bloom and sprout all over the world with its own uniqueness, talents, and intelligence. No one needs to have same culture and the greatness of a country, but the real talent comes to their works. What he takes jab are elites who does everything just to stop the education system among filipinos because they are afraid that they might learn to defend.I n the speech he made, there are values and lessons he teach us that can be applied in a real world up until now such as mentioning geniuses can be born and made anytime and anywhere. No one has the right to judge or put down a person because anyone can be great. He also said that Spain and Philippines are equal, no greater nor slaves. Dr. Jose Rizal is great because he discussed bravely what the Spaniards are afraid of: EDUCATION of the filipinos but what he focused more is to inspire filipinos and prove how worthy a nation can be.

Defining New Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Defining New Music - Essay Example Defining these concepts is able to develop into a different understanding of how to approach creativity and to work toward exploration. Defining New Music The musical elements that are now working in society are based on a growth and development into forms of exploration. The movement into contemporary music began with the rejection of theories and musical components which were used in the classical sense. Breaking the musical boundaries and redefining the musical concepts allowed for new explorations and development to occur. Concepts in classical music such as twelve tone and impressionism were some of the leading genres that were defined as contemporary music. This led into even more popular genres, such as jazz, blues and rock and roll. The contemporary style of music is now defined by a variety of genres, all which are able to create and develop a deeper understanding of how music can be used to express and develop different opportunities within the realm of music. The basis of contemporary music is not only allowing different genres to form. There is also an exploration which is continuing from music theories which are used and developed to create a deeper relationship to the communication of music (Schell, 2008). The changes with music have not only developed with contemporary approaches to genre and theory. There is also the ability to explore because of new tools and equipment that are being developed for musicians. The use of equipment and the new instrumentation is what is opening doors to exploration to combine with other art disciplines and expectations. The tools which are developed from this are coming from electronic equipment, sound recording studios and the development of other recording alternatives. The standards that have developed with this require exploration for new sounds with recording and electronics. More important, there is the development of the electronics in relation to promotion of a genre and other elements. To do this, music v ideos, performances that include other genres and the ability to create the communication and expression at different levels is changing. Genres of popular music are combining alternative elements with the technology and communication to ensure that there is a response from others within the community while developing an exploration of the communication with music. Popular Music and Art Disciplines The approach which is being used with music and other art disciplines is taking place most with the use of genres such as pop, rock, hip hop and country. The art disciplines which are combined with this are building a sense of entertainment and attraction of popular artists, specifically to help them to develop different components and needs. The approach which is taken is to develop a combined approach with sound to sense and sense to sound. By using a combination of music with visualization or experience, there is the ability to have a better response from the listeners. More important, this creates a stronger form of entertainment which can be used in different formats. The result is that the electronic elements, genres which require grabbing attention and the use of combining the senses are able to integrate for a different approach to the music. The end result is the ability to grab the attention of listeners while defining a new format for entertainment

Litirature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Litirature review - Essay Example Strong leadership is a very important ingredient in the success of an organization. A change in the leadership of an organization might result in changes in the organization structure, strategies, policies and the way the organization does it business. Moreover, with the movement of a leader from the organization, the close subordinates also move with the outgoing leader which might result in substantial change in the management of an organization. At the same time, it is important that the employees of the organization must relate to the new leadership. It is important that whenever there is a need to change the leadership of organization, suitable candidates are identified as soon as possible. For this, it is important to identify and nurture young talent in the organization. The transition to a new leader shall be smooth so that the employees do not feel uncomfortable under the changed leadership. Any organization will, for surely have change in its leadership and because of the s ignificant changes undergoing during this period, it is important that the transition is managed in the best possible way. Hence it is important that the area of leadership transition and succession planning is carefully reviewed. This paper will analyze the already existing literature in the area of succession planning, its important and identify the best ways to manage leadership transition. ... Often the area of succession planning is concerned with the succession of leaders. Types of succession planning The process of succession planning needs a thorough understanding of the strategy of the organization. There have been various models of performing succession planning such as ‘relay succession’, ‘horse- race successions’ and ad-hoc succession. While in relay succession, the leaving person identifies an individual, and then grooms the person, horse-race successions are more competitive in nature and the Board decides the successor amongst many candidates. An ad-hoc succession involves selecting the best possible candidate who is present at that particular point of time. In case, firms are not able to identify a potential successor, boards often appoint an interim leader who occupies that position until a permanent person is hired for the position. Of all the ways, relay succession is the most common type of succession planning undertaken by compani es (Brickley et al., 1997). Relation between firm performance and succession planning Previous research has suggested that the performance of an organization is significantly impacted by the succession process adopted. More disruptive succession processes impact the performance of the firms negatively (Zhang and Rajagopalan, 2004). At the same time, the performance after a change in leadership is also impacted by actions of the successor and the internal and external situation of the change (Rowe et al., 2005). The success of a succession planning exercise depends on various factors such as involvement of the outgoing leader, sincerity of the performance review of all the candidates, accurate prediction of the talent need that might arise, and the consistency of

Charlotte Beers at Ogilvy & Mather Worldwide Research Paper

Charlotte Beers at Ogilvy & Mather Worldwide - Research Paper Example Moreover, the analysis will seek to analyze the means by which Beers and her team members engaged in a creative process for developing division which will be elaborated upon. Finally, the analysis will consider whether or not Beers and her team effectively communicated the buy-in for all respective compliments of the question. Through such analysis, it is the hope of this author that the reader will gain a higher level of inference with respect to some of the best practices for business leadership and management as well as some of the key pitfalls that might exist with regards to a new CEO/leader seeking to affect key changes within an existing firm/organization. With respect to what Beers was attending to accomplish as CEO of the firm in question, it can definitively be stated that she sought to reengage a level of success and profitability that had been experienced in years past. As the case study defined, Ogilvy & Mather was once a market leader and exhibited best practices that s erved to promote its vision and name throughout the market (Starr, 2011). However, in the recent past, this level of profitability had diminished and the firm was no longer a market leader with respect to the specialty upon which it was founded. Crafting a new vision for an existing firm is oftentimes dangerous process. This is due to the fact that even though the current vision might not be effective, it is oftentimes not the fault of the vision itself; rather, it is the fault of the level of implementation that patient is experiencing. This was very much the case with regards to Beers and the way in which her team sought to extrapolate and redefine the existing vision of Olgilvy and Mather Worldwide. Similarly, as a function of crafting this particular approach, she and her team went through a series of steps through which they assess the current vision and sought to approach whether or not it could continue to be relevant within the current environment. This was a highly effectiv e approach due to the fact that it helped the team to realize some of the existing strengths that the firm still could leverage without fundamentally shifting the focus that had previously defined such a level of success within the past. Moreover, with regards to analysis of the actual process through which Beers and her team came to analyze and craft the redefined vision, it is the understanding of this author that this particular approach was both enlightened and highly effective (Mink, 2011). Rather than merely coming into the scene and demanding a rapid level of change to increase profitability, the CEO instead sought to engage stakeholders within the firm and encourage their input into improving the process as a whole. Realizing that she had a certain disadvantage in understanding the situation, Beers leveraged the expertise of her team in helping to craft the vision that would seek to promote the future profitability and survival of the brand in the future. Lastly, the questio n of whether or not Beers and 13 were able to effectively communicate the buy-in for this project to the respective stakeholders in middle and lower management within the firm comes into a degree of question. Whereas the process through which stakeholder buy-in within upper management was leveraged as a means of furthering the best interests of the business entity highly was highly effective, the communication necessarily broke down after this

To Improve The SMART Technologies Inc. Turn Over Growth In The Long Research Paper

To Improve The SMART Technologies Inc. Turn Over Growth In The Long Run - Research Paper Example I believe that the preceding information when followed will be very important in ensuring the success of the company and help it remain at the top of the game. I therefore submit this non- legally binding document with the full knowledge that its implementation is at management’s discretion. I restate that any of the recommendations will help improve the company’s performance. Respectfully Submitted By TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 4 Introduction 5 Background and the purpose      6 Methodology 7 Findings – discussion 8 Conclusion   14 Recommendation 14 Works Cited    15 Appendix 16 Abstract       It is axiomatic to argue that the quest for increased revenue to firms has no end. To imperatively discuss the above, it is crucial and prime to digest, conceptualize and internalize the dichotomy in the unembellished key word ‘Turn over’, which is the amount of money generated from the company’s total sales. This non-monolithic term is commo n in myriad of professional and academic studies when it comes to understanding the company’s performance. ... New companies emerge with interesting and appealing products and any company that cannot do this will lag and in worst scenarios face a shut down. SMART Technology Inc. is not exceptional. Through this research, some of the questions which come up when discussing ways of helping SMART technologies Inc. increase its turnover are tackled and they include; why turnover growth is vital to the company, how the turnover can be increased in the company and finally some of the challenges that can sojourn it from achieving the same. These areas of scrutiny lead to a number of findings which are discussed in the discussion area in relation to literature. The paper also presents a number of recommendations in relation to the findings of the research. Introduction Smart technology which has been in operation for twenty five years was founded in 1986 by David Martin and Nancy Knowlton in New York. The company was distributing projectors from Canada to America and this was the major products which generated revenue. The generated revenue was directed towards research and building of a white board with the computer. The company that boosts as being defined by innovation always desire to improve the learning environments globally. The company’s customers include teacher’s students and businessmen who have always admitted that SMART Technologies Inc. have really helped new ways of learning and collaborating. The company created the first world interactive whiteboard in 1991 which is being used by over 40 Million students in over 175 countries across the globe and remains the world’s leading producer and supplier of the same (SMART Technologies Inc 1).They admit that they are the core values of excellence and innovation

National Revival in Wales between 1880 and 1914 Essay

National Revival in Wales between 1880 and 1914 - Essay Example 205). Perhaps Keir Hardie's greatest contribution, however, was in the genesis of the Labour Party in Britain. Hardie had been an ardent member of the Liberal Party, but he felt that the policies put in place by William Gladstone fell far short of representing the interests of the working classes. While the Liberal Party would make big promises in exchange for the votes of workers, it would never carry out meaningful policy changes that would help the workers' condition, and so in April 1888, Hardie ran as an independent labour candidate in West Lanark. While he came in last, he was encouraged about the future. In August of that year, the Scottish Labour Party was formed. Hardie won a seat in Parliament in 1892. Interestingly, for his first session, he did not wear the same outfit that other working-class MP's wore; instead, he wore only a plain tweed suit, red tie, and deerstalker hat. He was in favor of such progressive policies as free education, pensions, the abolition of the House of Lords, suffrage for women, and a progressive income tax (Wrigley 2002, p. 203). In 1893, Hardie was one of the founding members of the Independent Labour Party. However, two years later, Hardie found himself out of Parliament. An explosion at a Pontypridd colliery had killed 251 miners, and Hardie asked that a message of condolence be added to a Parliamentary address giving congratulations for the birth of a royal heir (the future King Edward VIII). After this was refused, Hardie made a speech attacking the monarchy and lost his seat in 1895 (Wrigley 2002, p. 205). However, Hardie was not out of politics for long. He spent the next five years making speeches and, in 1900, put together a meeting of trade unions and socialist groups, which agreed to form the Labour Representation Committee, which was the precursor of the Labour Party. In that same year, Hardie was elected as the junior MP for Merthyr Tydfil and Aberdare in the South Wales Valleys, and he would represent this region until his death in 1915 (Wrigley 2002, p. 207). The election in which Hardie returned to Parliament became notorious in history for another reason as well. The British military was involved in the Second Boer War, and this war became the primary issue in the 1900 British general election. The Conservative government of Lord Salisbury was reelected, with an enlarged majority over the Liberal Party. There were a couple of reasons for this enlarged majority: not only did the British public want to rally behind its government and support the war effort, but the emergence of the Labour Party created the possibility of vote-splitting among the opposition, as some might vote Liberal and others Labour, which would assist the Conservative cause. Because of this, and because of some funding shortages encountered by the Liberal Party, over 100 races did not have a Liberal Party opposition candidate. The election became known as the "khaki election," because of the new khaki uniforms that the British Army was wearing at war. This became a po pular term in British politics for an election that is decisively influenced by wartime or postwar emotion. Other elections in British

Time constrained assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Time constrained assessment - Essay Example In economic terms the needs and wants of individuals, companies, organizations, and whole countries are transformed into demand. This law of society raises the basic economic problem, as all these needs and wants can be satisfied only to certain extent as the resources required for its satisfaction are limited. Scarcity occurs when people want more than can be satisfied with the resources they have (Wessels 2006 2). Therefore, in order to satisfy certain needs and wants people have to choose among alternative uses of their scarce resources, such, for example, as time or money (Wessels 2006, 1). However, the economics as a study embraces a broader picture of this issue, taking into consideration not only those who consume but also those who produce. In terms of this concept, there is naturally raised the whole set of questions, such as: what goods to produce, how to produce these goods, and for whom to produce it. These questions are known as Samuelson's three questions (Howarth 2013) and help to solve the problem of scarcity resources. What to produce? – Answer to this question helps people to decide the best combination of goods and services to meet their needs (Howarth 2013). ... For whom to produce? – This question makes people to decide who will get the output from the country’s economic activity, and how much they will get (Howarth 2013). For example, who will consume these grown vegetables or fruits that have been grown? This situation forces all actors to make choices and to prefer one choice to another one. In economics, this concept of the value, people refuse from, is known as the opportunity cost (Wessels 2006, 3). Opportunity cost, also known as economic cost, is the â€Å"cost of a scarce factor of production used to produce a good or service, as opposed to another that could have been used, instead of the one adopted† (Collin 2006, 58). To illustrate the concept of the opportunity costs there can be used the following example relative to student’s life and education. The opportunity cost of going to the university is the money a student would have earned if he worked instead during the 5 years of study. Here time is a s carce resource, which an individual can spend either by getting a degree or earning money. However, by graduating the university there is increased chance for a person to find a better paid job due to the professional qualification gained and thus to recover the lost wages (Investopedia.Com). Thus, an individual has to make a choice between going to university and being employed for a given period of time. The risk of achieving greater benefits with another option is the opportunity cost (Investopedia.Com). In order to illustrate the economic problem and opportunity costs faced by a person, company, or economy can be used the Production Possibility Frontier, also known as production possibility curve. Production Possibility Frontier is a graph

Lesson Plan on the Example of the Elementary School Math Lesson Essay

Lesson Plan on the Example of the Elementary School Math Lesson - Essay Example This is critical because the learning process is a dynamic and involving task which may make one lose focus albeit in a small proportion. It is also important to note and mention that a lesson plan offers a valuable guide to the class to progress and proceed with the learning in any case the tutor or teacher may be absent. This is to say that the lesson plan provides an automatic guide and easy mode of progress even if he or she is a substitute teacher. In principle, the desired result or the total outcome stands to be realized even if the teacher is not physically present to deliver. It is also important to stress the fact that a lesson plan helps the teacher to gauge the positives in the form of a learning outcome with the aim of correcting the negatives (Tomlinson, 2014). This is to say that if by any chance there was something that was well understood by the learners or students, the lesson plan provides a framework for correcting such a situation. Conventionally, lesson plans are unique and different for each and every level of learners. It mentions that the lesson plan for an elementary school cannot be the same lesson plan that would be used for a middle school or a high school learning process. Thus, for the purpose of this essay and exposition, the paper will focus on the notion of an elementary school plan. Specifically, the Elementary School Math lesson: Bundles of Beans: A place value lesson. In principle, this is to say that this exposition will discuss the fundamental principles and tenets of the elementary school learning lesson plan. To begin with, mathematics is an interesting subject that requires a lot of attention from both the teachers and the students before any meaningful and gainful learning would occur. This is the reason as to why it would be critical and imperative to gauge with utmost precision and accuracy the aspect and notion of student  readiness.

An Unfortunate Influence and Its Tragic Outcome Essay Example for Free

An Unfortunate Influence and Its Tragic Outcome Essay In every person’s life there are many factors that occur throughout, both negative and positive influences that alter the path one chooses. In the world renowned play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, the tragic outcome is brought about by the lovers’ trusted friend, Friar Lawrence. To begin with, Friar Lawrence is to blame for setting the events into motion by marrying Romeo and Juliet. Then, Friar Lawrence is responsible for Juliet receiving the potion that causes everyone to believe that she is truly dead. Finally, Friar Lawrence could have prevented the two deaths by simply making sure that Romeo gets the message as he assured Juliet he would. So ultimately, Friar Lawrence is responsible for the star crossed lovers’ demise, because they wrongly trust the Friar and his influence causes Romeo and Juliet to make all the wrong decisions thus bringing about their downfall. Before any tragic incidents actually occur in the play, Friar Lawrence sets the entire series of unfortunate events into motion by secretly marrying Romeo and Juliet. When Romeo first arrives at the Friar’s cell to declare the love he now feels for Juliet, Friar Lawrence immediately notes how foolish Romeo is being, for just the day before he had been so in love with Rosaline and devastated that she did not return that love. Friar Lawrence says, â€Å"Is Rosaline, that thou didst love so dear, / So soon forsaken? And art thou chang’d? Pronounce this sentence then: / Women may fall, when there’s no strength in men† (2.3.66-80). Friar Lawrence right away states that it is ridiculous that Rosaline, with whom Romeo was borderline obsessed, has already been replaced with a girl in a matter of days. However, Friar Lawrence then blatantly turns around and contradicts what he says about Romeo behaving foolishly, by agreeing to marry Romeo and Juliet. Friar Lawren ce agrees saying, â€Å"In one respect I’ll thy assistant be. / For this alliance may so happy prove, / To turn your households’ rancour to pure love† (2.3.90-92). Friar Lawrence agrees to secretly wed Romeo and Juliet despite what he says earlier about the proposal. Friar Lawrence could have easily prevented the tragedy if he had just gone with his first instincts. However, he sees the opportunity to stop the feuding between the Capulets and Montagues and jumps at it to become the big hero, therefore making him selfish and irresponsible as well as a bad influence. Friar Lawrence sets Romeo and Juliet’s deaths into motion the second he agrees to Romeo’s plan, and in doing so Friar Lawrence is to blame for the untimely deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Not only does Friar Lawrence trigger Romeo and Juliet’s demise, he also continues the chain of tragic decisions by giving Juliet the sleeping potion that leads Romeo to kill himself. When Juliet runs to Friar Lawrence’s cell in utter desperation, he should have taken the time to advise her against such drastic measures and help her make the responsible choice where Romeo is concerned. Instead, Friar Lawrence hands her a sleeping potion that will create the illusion of death for the drinker: Take thou this vial, being then in bed, And this distilling liquor drink thou off, Now when the bridegroom in the morning comes To rouse thee from thy bed, there art thou dead (4.1.93-108). Friar Lawrence assures Juliet that everything will be okay and the potion will work in tricking her parents and Paris into believing she is truly dead. He places the vial in her hand and does not do anything to prevent Juliet from making this fatal decision. Friar Lawrence just continues to reassure Juliet by saying, â€Å"And hither shall he come, and he and I /Will watch thy waking, and that very night / Shall Romeo bear thee hence to Mantua† (4.1.115-117). Friar Lawrence promises Juliet that word of their plans will reach Romeo and when she wakes from her sleep-like trance, Romeo will be there to run away with her to Mantua. Friar Lawrence just keeps on telling Juliet that it will all work out fine, without pausing to think about all the possible dangers and side effects that may come from drinking the vial. Again, Friar Lawrence is being irresponsible and rash, holding two teen’s lives in his hands. Friar Lawrence gets carried away and swept up in Romeo and Julietâ €™s twisted fantasy and helps Juliet make a foolish decision that helps bring about the lover’s demise. Therefore, Friar Lawrence is to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Even after all the irresponsible choices Friar Lawrence makes throughout the play, he still could prevent the tragic outcome by simply making sure that Romeo receives news of the Friar’s and Juliet’s plan. But alas, Friar Lawrence does not follow through and assure that the messenger arrives soundly in Mantua. One of the main reasons Juliet is able to take the potion without many concerns or worries is because she thinks that when she wakes in the monument, Romeo will be there to whisk her away with him. When Juliet is confused and in a highly vulnerable state, Friar Lawrence hands her the vial saying, â€Å"In the mean time, against thou shalt awake, / Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift† (4.1.113-114). Friar Lawrence tells Juliet that while they wait for her to awake, Romeo will receive a letter informing him of their plans. However, the messenger Friar Lawrence sends, Friar John, never makes it to Romeo and by the time Friar Lawrence actually finds out, h e knows that a great mistake has taken place and danger is going to ensue: Unhappy fortune! By my brotherhood, The letter was not nice but full of charge, Of dear import, and the neglecting it May do much danger (5.3.17-20). Friar Lawrence finally realizes the danger that Romeo and Juliet face. He understands that something terrible may happen because the information never reaches Romeo. However, it is too late by the time he arrives at the monument and Romeo, who received false information from Balthasar, is already lying dead beside his stirring wife. When Juliet does officially wake, she is devastated to see her loving Romeo dead, and desperate to be with him again. Instead of calming Juliet down and bringing her to safety, Friar Lawrence selfishly runs away when he hears the Watch coming. He leaves a desperate teenage girl there to stab herself and be with her Romeo for eternity. The incident with the letter leads Romeo to commit suicide and subsequently have Juliet kill herself to be with Romeo. The Friar does not make sure that the letter reaches Romeo and two premature deaths occur instead, conclusively leaving Friar Lawrence to blame. Friar Lawrence is a trusted friend and confident of Romeo and Juliet, yet he negatively influences the two lovers and guides them down a wrong path ending with a double suicide. Friar Lawrence triggers the start of the downfall by irrationally agreeing to wed Romeo and Juliet. Friar Lawrence then gives Juliet bad counsel and advises her to make a catastrophic decision the second he places the vial of sleeping potion into her palm. Friar Lawrence still could evade the entire tragedy, but inadvertently breaks his promise to Juliet and never assures that the letter makes it to Romeo in Mantua. The star crossed lovers’ downfall is caused by the irresponsible and selfish Friar Lawrence because if Romeo and Juliet had not gone to Friar Lawrence for counsel and advice, they would not have been encouraged to follow through with their foolish fantasy and lived. The love between Romeo and Juliet was genuine, and the pain they felt when they heard of the other’s death was real. Kn owing that one person, especially someone as close to them as Friar Lawrence, is to blame for the tragic ending is horrible and tragic in itself, because if Friar Lawrence had just thought through his actions Romeo and Juliet might have lived a long and happy life together.

Effects of Static and Dynamic Culture Conditions

Effects of Static and Dynamic Culture Conditions Tissue engineering has been investigating the properties of scaffolds and cell culture conditions for better cell attachment, viability and proliferation. This study compares the two cell culture conditions: Static and spinner flask / dynamic cell conditions over a period of 7 days on polyglycolyic acid. The scaffolds were statistically seeded by mouse dermal 3T3 fibroblast in static culture method and on other hand seeded scaffolds were transferred to spinner flask at approx.60 rpm in dynamic culture method. Significant improvement in cell viability was not observed in both the conditions after 7 days of culturing. The cells adhesion successfully took place and expressed cytoskeleton ÃŽÂ ²-actin in both the methods but achieving maximum distribution of cells on the scaffold in dynamic method. This study reports that static culture method could produce increase in cell number approximately six times more after 7 days of culture i.e. from 1.2 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ ( ±0.1610à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ) cells to 6.3 x10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ ( ±110à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ) cells. Surprisingly, instead of enhancing the growth of 3T3 fibroblast cells in dynamic condition, they seems to be probably undergoing cell death/loss as reported by alamar blue, hoechst DNA assays, toludine blue and western blot. Overall, static condition favoured the cell adhesion, proliferation and ÃŽÂ ²-actin expression gradually with days and produced better reproducible data compared to dynamic condition. The techniques involved in dynamic culture method needs to be more carefully investigated and improved further to draw a strong conclusion. The aim of the study is to implement the principles of fundamental techniques in tissue engineering in culture method on the three dimensional polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds seeded with 3T3 fibroblast. To compare and contrast the effects on cells in spinner flask or dynamic culture condition method with the static culture condition method by observing and analysing on factors like cell adhesion, distribution, proliferation, viability and expression of cytoskeleton after culturing in the same system for 7 days using alamar blue, hoechst 33258 DNA assays, toludine blue staining and western blot analysis. Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field which aims in developing new approaches for functional substitutes applicable in restoration of damaged or injured tissues. These substitutes are complex constructs of living cells, bioactive molecules and three dimensional porous scaffolds, which supports cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, its main objective to achieve in therapy is to form a living tissue from small population of mammalian cells. For this, the ideal tissue engineering strategy so far has remained to develop tissue by seeding the specific population of cells on three-dimensional constructs which not only provides a structural support to cell mass but also can effectively influence cell attachment, growth and differentiation either by incorporation of adhesion molecules or controlled release on bioactive molecules from the scaffold. After seeding of cells onto the 3-D scaffolds construct, the cells starts proliferating which results in deposi tion of extracellular matrix components and biodegradation of scaffolds. The latter makes the porous construct of scaffold more solid 3-D. Several other factors affect the 3D tissue growth including scaffold design, seeding method and the culture condition methods. Studies have reported that high degree of cell attachment to biocompatible and biodegradable particles, while avoiding aggregate formation can be achieved using poly co-glycolic acid (PGA) scaffold of 50-100mm spherical size fabricated by electro-spinning technique. This method provides reliable, reproducible and well-characterized PGA scaffold. The surface chemistry of the scaffold helps to determine the particle size, shape, morphology and distribution. Depending on the experiments, surface modifications are performed like formation of poly l-lactide-coglycolide (PLGA) via ring opening polymerisation and fibronectin coating to scaffolds. However, it is not the part of standard protocol. Depending on the size, the required cell density for maximum attachment may differ to obtained optimal cell attachment. The seeding is usually done using the cell suspension of a particular seeding density which allows for maximum dispersion of cells and well integration into the pores of the scaffolds. But for therapeutic purposes, however, this strategy is not sufficient enough to result in an overall improvement in conditions due to severe tissue damages. This can be overcome only by achieving relatively high degree of cell attachment to the micro-particle. Several factors and parameters influence the cell adhesion like the curvature of the particles, the particle material, the electrostatic charge of the particles, the surface motif of the particles, the interaction between cell and particles, the number of cells in the tissue culture and type of cell culture method implemented. It is also important to obtain homogenous cell adhesion to the scaffolds and avoiding clumping which will lead to the formation of cell-particle aggregates. This will prevent cells from appropriate uptake of nutrient from the media and hinder their subsequent growth. The mammalian cells are usually cultured in static or bioreactors condition. Here in this study, spinner flask system is employed which is also a kind of bioreactor as it provides the 3D environment. It is a flask provided with magnetic rod which keeps rotating constantly at specified speed. The nature of growing cells requires such dynamic condition to mimic the environment similar inside the body which gives sufficient nutrient supply, waste exchange, enhances ECM and gap junction formation, and cell-cell interaction. Most importantly it also helps maintain the cells differentiated in 3D which is needed for tissue formation. This characteristic is not maintained by static culture method. Hence, many 3D culture methods have been developed such as perfusion chambers, rotary vessels and commercial perfused bioreactors with improved capacity for mass transport of nutrients and waste product. They help in formation of relatively good quality of tissue by more enhanced cell differentiati on and also maintaining in that state. The static culture method used in this study, tissue culture plastic with seeded scaffolds remains untouched in the incubator. But with static culture, alternative shaking on a shaker and resting can also be employed to provide better supply of nutrient through media. The attachment characteristic of ECM proteins such as laminin, will also depend upon the cell type used. There are particular conditions needed to be optimised with each cell type. Most of the tissue engineering experiments uses 3T3 fibroblast only to optimise the cell culture condition where there is optimum cell adhesion is obtained before using the actual stem cell of interest. This is because, 3T3 fibroblast are known to easily attach to any surfaces due to presence of the high density of integrins on their cell surface. This will not only enhance the cell attachment but will also give maximum possible interaction with the particle. Cells that have spread on the particles exhibit a clear halo of cytoplasm surrounding their nucleus after the rearrangement of their actin skeleton. The attachment and spreading of cells to a substrate surface is often seen as a basic characteristic, but is, in fact, the initial process that subsequently influences and regulates cell growth, survival, migration and differentiation. In addition, cell-to-substrate interaction, mediated by integrins, also influence cell behaviour and signalling pathways leading to modifications in upstream and/or downstream cellular activity. Thus, a desirable substrate should allow sufficient and optimal cell attachment and spreading characteristics to occur. The 3T3 fibroblast media is used in which DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS enhances the cell attachment as the serum is highly protein rich and therefore, helps in cell in adhesion by supplying the ECM-proteins as well as nourishing them. Hence, the serum conditioning step is of critical importance in maintaining cells health and attachment in the culture. Materials and Methods Scaffold preparation and serum conditioning PGA FELT Scaffolds disc of 2mm x 10mm and 45mg/cc (TE005-50-10) was provided by Smith and Nephew research group, University of Nottingham. These non-culture scaffolds were then treated in 24 well tissue culture plastics (TCP) plates with 3T3 fibroblast media containing 500ml DMEM (Sigma G7513) supplemented with 10% FCS, 2mM L-glutamine and 1% AB/AM (Sigma A5955). All the scaffolds were statistically seeded on day 1 using non-culture treated well plates to encourage the cells of mouse dermal 3T3 fibroblast to adhere to the scaffolds at seeding density of 1x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶cells/ml. 3T3 fibroblast cell suspension was added in TCP plates for all test and no cells in the blanks. The plates are then incubated overnight at 37 °C, 5%COà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ in air. The remaining cell suspension was then again resuspended in warm media to achieve 4 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ cells/ml cell density and was stored at -20 °C till day 7 for Hoechst analysis. 3T3 fibroblast cells were used to seed the scaffolds to observe the cell viability, cell proliferation and ÃŽÂ ²-actin expression on day 1, when the cell culture condition was maintained static and day 7, after applying the two cell culture conditions (static dynamic) and maintaining for 7 days. Static culture In static culture condition, the seeded and non-seeded (blanks) scaffolds were kept in 1ml of warm 3T3 fibroblast media per well. These five culture plates were kept in incubator and cultured for 7 days at 37 °C, 5%COà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ in air. Spinner flask culture Two separate spinner flask filled with 50ml warm media each was used for seeded scaffolds and non-seeded (blanks) scaffolds. These flasks were kept in incubator by loosening the side arms and setting the magnetic stirrer approximately at 60rpm and cultured for 7 days at 37 °C, 5%COà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ in air. After following 7 days for culture conditions, the construct was then sacrificed for alamar blue, toludine blue and Hoechst analysis. Also, in addition cytoskeleton analysis using western blot was also carried out. The assessment of two culture methods, static and dynamic was done by producing five set of readings for static condition and four set of readings for dynamic condition where the experimental analysis were conducted using three replicates for test and blanks on day1 and day7 Alamar Blue Assay Staining was done using 10% alamar blue containing 1ml alamar blue (Serotec BUF012B) and 9ml HBSS without phenol red (Sigma H1387). The stain was kept in dark at 37 °C. The scaffold was transferred from seeding and culture conditions to new 24-TCP non-cultured plate with 1ml warm alamar blue after washing three times with PBS. The plates were then incubated at 37 °C, 5%COà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ for 1hr. The aliquots of 3 x 100 µl of alamar blue were transferred to 3 wells of 96 microtitre well plate including the blanks to measure fluorescence using plate reader (Ex530nm/Em590nm). The excess of alamar blue solution was aspirated and washed with 1ml sterile PBS. Toludine Blue Staining Scaffold for toludine blue staining was transferred to new non-culture treated 24well TCP plate and was treated with 1ml ice cold 95% (v/v) methanol in dHà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡O for 5 mins after washing 3 times with 1ml warm PBS. Then fixative was discarded and scaffold was allowed to air dry at RT followed by treatment with 1ml aqueous 0.1% (w/v) toludine blue (Fisher chemicals BPE107-10) for 5 mins. The scaffold was again allowed to air dry at RT. Papain Digest and Hoechst 33258 DNA Assay The aliquot of cell pellet (4 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ cells) prepared on day1 was treated with 1ml of papain solution (1.06mg/ml, pH 6.5) (Sigma P4762) followed by overnight incubation in waterbath at 60 °C. The serial dilutions of the papain digested cell pellet using hydrolysed papain solution as diluent was prepared for 4.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.0312 and 0 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ cells. In the Hoechst 33258 DNA assay, the hydrolysed papain solution was used as blank. 5 µl of each aliquots + 70  µl Hoechst dilution buffer was added in triplicates in black 96-well plate including the blank. In each well, 100  µl Hoechst 33258 working solution (Sigma S6639) was also added and fluorescence was measured using plate reader (Ex 360nm/Em 460 nm) Western Blot 100 µl cold RIPA buffer (Sigma R0278) was added to the cell pellet (4 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ cells) and the seeded scaffolds in eppendorf from day 1 and was kept on ice for 20 mins while vortexing every 5 mins. The cells were then snap freezed by placing it on dry ice for 1 min then 1-3 min at RT. The cells are resuspended by grating and spinning for 30 mins. The supernatant was used for western blot. 10 µl of molecular weight marker and each sample were loaded onto SDS polyacrylamide gel. The electrophoresis was carried out for 90 mins at 125V. After SDS-page electrophoresis, the filter paper, nitrocellulose and sponge were soak in transfer buffer (Invitrogen NP0006) with 20% (v/v) methanol. The assembled western blot tank was run for 1 hr at 25V. The immune-detection of protein ÃŽÂ ²-actin was performed using primary antibody anti-mouse ÃŽÂ ²-actin (Sigma A2006) and secondary antibody anti-mouse horse radish peroxidises (HRP) (Invitrogen G21234). Statistical analysis All the data obtained was calculated using MS-Excel spreadsheet and statistic Independent t-test and paired t-test analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results and Discussion Morphology of 3T3 fibroblast cells The cell of mouse dermal 3T3 fibroblast was obtained from T180 flask by trypsin digest method is shown in figure1. The flask was confluent enough (80%) and morphology of the cells seems to be intact and healthy. No sign of contamination was observed prior to seeding procedure. The morphology of 3T3 fibroblast cells are of flat and spindled shape. These cells form a well-characterised and established mesh like interconnected networks. This property of fibroblast cells make them ideal for cell attachment as they show anchorage property due to presence of integrins in ECM. Hence, using this cell type achieving maximum cell adhesion onto the scaffolds becomes ideal for this experiment. Effect on Cell viability in static and dynamic conditions The alamar blue assay was performed on the static and dynamic culture condition to observe its effect on 3T3 fibroblast cell viability is shown in figure 2a and 2b. The culture method employed aims to maintain or increase the cell viability when cultured for seven days. Under static condition (Fig 2a), only 1 group out of five showed significant increase in fluorescence whereas other two groups showed more or less no change in their fluorescence produced from day 1 to day 7. Also, on contrary two groups showed significant decrease in fluorescence on day 7 (Fig 2a). Hence, variable of results were obtained between groups. On the other hand, under dynamic condition, the cell produced more fluorescence on day 7 compared to day1 expect for one group. Therefore on an average, when mean of the static absorbance reading was taken, it showed that there is significant decrease in fluorescence (fig 2b). But in dynamic method, the increase in fluorescence day 7 (Fig 2b) was not significant enou gh. The 3-D construct of PGA scaffold provides with an environment to the cells where they remain viable in culture for several weeks. Moreover, they should successfully increase the cell viability after some days. However, our study reported that the cell viability decreased tremendously in cell seeded PGA scaffolds in static cell culture condition whereas the dynamic cell culture method was able to increase the cell viability over 7 days of culture. So, when comparing the two culture methods statistically showed difference in their overall effect on the viability of 3T3 fibroblast cells where dynamic condition is more but not effective enough. So, static condition did not improve the cell viability more than dynamic culture method. Effect on Cell distribution in PGA scaffolds The three-dimensional PGA scaffolds constructs enables the fibroblastic cells to adhere and to evenly distribute throughout the porous structure. To assess the uniform 3T3 fibroblast cell distribution in two different culture conditions, toludine blue staining was carried out on day 1 and day 7 on both conditions is shown in fig 3. Toludine blue stains cell dark blue within the 3-D construct. As observed in static condition, on day 1 the cells were successfully seeded onto the scaffold but compared to day 7 the cells are not evenly distributed throughout the scaffold. Also, the scaffolds were efficiently seeded on day1 under dynamic condition as the figure 3c shows cells stained with toludine blue. Surprisingly, on day 7 (Fig 3d), the scaffolds shows no cells at all. This means, that the 3T3 fibroblast cells under dynamic condition was eventually lost or died. The spinner flask culture system might have loose the cells by day 7 due to poor adhesion or vigorous rotation. The cell seed ed on day 1 was too low or error in carryout the technique. But this was observed with all the spinner flask condition system, where the success was 2 out of 4 groups (Supplementary data 3). However, this observation is more of debate because no other factors expect the condition itself could affect cell distribution as uniform distribution was achieved in all the five static condition (supplementary data 3) which used the same scaffolds and cell type. Effect on Cell proliferation in static and dynamic conditions 3T3 fibroblast was culture over 7 days in both conditions to also observe its effect on the cell proliferation are shown in figure 4 (a, b, c d). The standard curve obtained with known cell density for both static and dynamic of all the groups (fig 4a 4b) showed increase in cell density with increase in the fluorescence. The unknown cell density of the cells from these two culture methods on day 1 and day 7 was calculated and found that 2 out 4 groups from dynamic conditions had no cells in the culture on day 7. Therefore, only other two groups were considered to evaluate the cell number on day 1 and day 7. There was significant difference in cell density over 7 days of culture in static method (n=5)(fig 4c) and on contrast there was no significant difference in cell density in dynamic method (n=2)(fig 4c). Almost all the groups showed cell density on day 1 around 1 x10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ cells/ml which was the actual cell density seeded on day 1 (supplementary data 4). This shows that se eding performed on scaffold achieved effective adhesion of all the cells present. The mean cell number from 1.2 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ ( ± 0.16 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ) cells on day 1 increased to 6.3 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ ( ± 1 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ) cells on day 7 under static culture method (fig 4d). On the other hand, dynamic culture methods showed hardly any change in cell number over 7 days of culture i.e. 2.0 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ ( ± 0.92 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ) cells on day 1 to 2.5 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ ( ± 1.96 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ) cells on day 7 (fig 4d). Previous studies have reported using other cell types that they start proliferating within 24 hrs after seeding cells on scaffolds employing dynamic culture methods. Contradicting this, our results have shown that dynamic had really poor effect on cell proliferation. Moreover, 3T3 fibroblast cells were undergoing death during seven days of culture. Whereas, static culture method shows drastic increment in the cell number and thus supporting 3T3 fibroblast cell proliferation efficiently. The scaffolds used for alama r blue assay on day 1 were used for Hoechst DNA assay with same after washing step (same for day 7 scaffolds). The washing might have been too vigorous which resulted in cell loss. It could also be possible that cells are being aspirated off from the culture which gave poor or no cell proliferation. It should be also taken into account that the success rate with dynamic culture method on cell proliferation was null out of 4 demonstrations. Expression of Cytoskeleton For the analysis of expression of cytoskeleton ÃŽÂ ²-actin on 3T3 fibroblast in two different conditions was done by western blot as shown in figure 5. The cell pellet of density 4 x10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ cells/ml was loaded against the cells obtained on day1 and day 7 from static and spinner flask culture method. The density of ÃŽÂ ²-actin obtained from the cell pellet was maximum. The amount of ÃŽÂ ²-actin detected on day 1 was lower than day 7 in static culture condition. It was the opposite scenario with spinner flak method where day 7 had minimum amount of ÃŽÂ ²-actin compared to day1. In some cases of spinner flask method ÃŽÂ ²-actin was not even detected on day 7 (supplementary data 5). Hence, comparatively the expression of ÃŽÂ ²-actin was higher in static culture method. Perhaps, it could be because the cell could not proliferate much as expected. Also, the culture didnt have enough cells left to express ÃŽÂ ²-actin on western blot. The formation of ECM cytoskel eton was not shown to be supported by spinner flask method. Conclusion and future work The tissue engineering scaffolds constructs have been shown more effective on cells containing serum in spinner flask/dynamic culture method rather than in static culture method. But from our data, it shows that dynamic condition only favoured cell adhesion and distribution. It was also able to produce a small increment in cell viability unlike static culture method. Contradicting the other data, cells were virtually not detected on day 7 and so is the expression of ÃŽÂ ²-actin. Not only this, all the 4 demonstration failed to show that cell growth can be effectively supported in dynamic culture method. Three seeded scaffolds were kept in spinner flask together, where there is increased chance for it to come in contact with each other. Cells may get detached from the scaffolds as it might be loosely adhere to the scaffold. The continuous rotation of magnetic rod in the flask circulates the media to provide nutrients to cells more effectively then static. Despite of this fact, the cells were either undergoing cell death or dislodged from the scaffolds or may be aspirated off from the culture. The static culture method have been effective in 3T3 fibroblast adhesion on the construct after seeding and eventually could improve tremendous cell growth by showing increase in cell proliferation over a period of seven days in culture. However, better distribution and increased ÃŽÂ ²-actin expression could only be achieved by the static culture method after 7 days as the cells proliferated more. Moreover, the success rate for this method was more compared to dynamic and produced more reliable and reproducible data. Hence, it can be concluded that static culture method supported cell growth better then the dynamic culture method. It would be interesting to investigate the technique involved in dynamic culture method more carefully to produce reliable data where it could be compared with the static method to give better understanding of the environment cells require to grow in artificial ECM-like structure and culture media. Since, within the body the cells are continuously under the force by blood flow in 3D environment, it would be useful to derive cell culture growth better in dynamic condition with enhanced technique. It is strongly recommended to carry out further research in this area to conclude spinner flask methods effect on 3T3-fibroblast cells with more reliable data. Evaluation The practical session assessed my learning in the techniques and concepts involved in tissue engineering. The demonstration on different techniques to prepare scaffolds assessed my understanding better and was helpful to apply same in this practical session by evaluating the different parameters that can be influenced by the scaffold design alone. As earlier discussed troubleshoot, implementing the technique given in protocol helped to produce the good replicates and contamination free-blanks and controls. While working in the hood with the partner, things were discussed prior to carrying out the experiment and working space was kept ready which helped in managing the use of same equipments, solution and incubation time effectively to avoid any source of contamination. Also, the exchange of results and data between several groups also led to the exchange of ideas and different cause for their results. However, the exact reason for spinner flask method to not work out is still not cle ar as all the groups got same reading where cells were present onto the scaffolds during alamar blue assay on day1 and day 7 but eventually lost when subsequent assays were done for same day. Overall, the difference between the effects of two culture method was evaluated. Acknowledgement The efforts put in by the Paula Ellis is acknowledged was carryout the change of media and taking care for the samples throughout the practical session and also during weekends. Also, Dr. Felicity Rose for giving the guidance and helping with doubt regarding the techniques and protocol. The images and data taken from all other groups are acknowledged for sharing their data used in this report. The effort of the group member is also acknowledged for managing with the working protocol load effectively. Figures Figure1. 3T3 fibroblast cells in T180 flask (10X). The image shows morphology of 3T3 fibroblast prior the trypsin digest followed by static seeding. The image was taken using Nikon (Scale bar: 80 µm) Figure 2a. Alamar blue assay for all static (n=5) and for dynamic (n=4) culture methods on day1 and day 7. The graph shows fluorescence detected  ± SD for both the culture condition. The absorbance value of non-seeded scaffold (control, Ac) was subtracted from the absorbance value obtained for seeded scaffold (As) to optimise the calculated fluorescence i.e. As-Ac. This was done for all the static and dynamic culture methods data. The statistical analysis paired t-test was at 95% significance level was done using SPSS. The calculated data is provided in the supplementary data. Figure 2b. Alamar blue assay of static and dynamic condition on day 1 and day 7. The mean of all the values on day 1 and day 7 for static (n=5) as well as dynamic (n=4) was done. The graphs shows the mean of absorbance (O.D)  ± SD. The statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test and independent t-test at 95% significance level. DAY 1 DAY 7 Figure 3. Toludine blue assay. The toludine blue staining was performed on static culture condition on day 1 (a) and on day 7 (b). Similarly for dynamic culture condition on day 1 (c) and day 7 (d) was carried out. In (a) and (b) there is darker background staining but (c) shows proper stained 3T3 fibroblast cells. No cells staining can be detected in (d) (Scale bar: 100 µm). Figure 4a. Standard curve for all static condition using Hoechst 33258 DNA assay. The standard curve was plotted using the known concentration 4.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.0312 and 0 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ (blank) of 3T3 fibroblast cells against the absorbance obtained. The blank was subtracted from the test reading to standardise the graph. The graph was produced using MS-Excel, to obtain the linear regression and linear equation for each group to calculate the cell density in static culture condition. Figure 4b. Standard curve for only two dynamic condition using Hoechst 33258 DNA assay. The standard curve was plotted using the known concentration of 4.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.0312 and 0 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ (blank) of 3T3 fibroblast cells against the absorbance obtained. The blank was subtracted from the test reading to standardise the graph. The graph was produced using MS-Excel, to obtain the linear regression and linear equation to calculate the cell density in dynamic culture condition on day 1 and day 7. Figure 4 c. Hoechst 33258 DNA assay was carried out on all static (n=5) and dynamic (n=2) culture condition on day 1 and day 7. The cell density was calculated using the standard curve for its own respective group. The graph shows cell density (x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ cells/ml)  ± SD for static and dynamic condition. The calculation was performed on excel-sheet and statistical analysis of paired t-test was done using SPSS. Figure 4 d. Hoechst 33258 DNA assay. The unknown cell density calculated from standard curve was averaged (mean) for static (n=5) and dynamic (n=2) culture methods. The graph shows cell density (x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ cells/ml)  ± SD for static and dynamic condition. The calculation was performed on excel-sheet and statistical analysis of paired t-test and independent t-test was done were appropriate using SPSS. Figure 5. Western blot analysis of 3T3 fibroblast cell from static and dynamic on day 1 and day 7. The expression of ÃŽÂ ²-actin in both culture methods are analysed using the rainbow marker and compared with the actual pellet of 3T3 fibroblast to cells extracted from two different culture methods on different days.

Absolute Essay -- essays research papers

An elephant was brought to a group of blind men who had never encountered such an animal before. One felt a leg and reported that an elephant is a great living pillar. Another felt the trunk and reported that an elephant is a great snake. Another felt a tusk and reported that an elephant is like a sharp ploughshare. And so on. And then they all quarreled together, each claiming that his own account was the truth and therefore all the others false (traditional parable). None of the accounts that the blind men made about the nature of the elephant are absolute truths, nor are the accounts false. An absolute truth, or one that is true for all, can not be achieved because of the constant motion of circumstances of who said it, to whom, when, where, why, and how it was said. Instead of absolute truths, the concepts or beliefs that the blind men claim are viewpoints that each one clarifies the nature of the elephant. Everybody has learned to see things from his or her own sense of reason and logic. The many things that people experience throughout their lifetimes, help to determine the judgments toward the different issues and objects that they encounter. Because individuals has his or her own sense of reason and logic, the perceptions that people encounter are ultimately true, and not false. Life does not contain one truth for any idea or object, but truths can be found in one’s perception. It is difficult to determine that anything is the absolute truth. One should not prove tha...

Edward Norton ? Sinuous Talent, Unyielding Determination :: essays research papers

The son of a Carter Administration, federal prosecutor and an English teacher, as well as the grandson of famed developer James Rouse, Edward Norton was born in Boston on August 18, 1969. He was raised in the planned community of Columbia, Maryland, and from an early age was known as an extremely bright and somewhat serious person. His interest in acting began at the age of five when his baby sitter, Betsy True (who went on to become an actress on stage and screen), took him to a musical adaptation of Cinderella. Shortly after that, Norton enrolled at Orenstein's Columbia School for Theatrical Arts, making his stage debut at the age of eight in a local production of Annie Get Your Gun. Although young, Norton already exhibited an unusual amount of professionalism, and took his subsequent roles seriously. After high school, he studied astronomy, history, and Japanese at Yale, and was also active in the university's theatrical productions. Edward attained almost instant stardom with his film debut in the 1996 Primal Fear. For his thoroughly chilling breakthrough performance as a Kentucky altar boy accused of murder, Norton was credited with saving an otherwise mediocre film, and further rewarded with Golden Globe and Oscar nominations. Remarkably disconnected from all of the hype that is usually associated with fresh talent, Norton has gone on to further prove his worth in such films as American History X, The People vs. Larry Flynt, and Fight Club. After earning a history degree, Norton spent a few months in Japan and then moved to New York, where he worked for the Enterprise Foundation, a group devoted to stopping urban decay. Again, Norton continued acting at every opportunity, and eventually decided to become a full-time actor. In 1994, he appeared in Edward Albee's Fragments after deeply impressing the distinguished playwright during an audition. Norton then joined the New York Signature Theatre Company, which frequently premieres Albee's plays. With a number of off-Broadway credits to his name, Norton won his role in Primal Fear after being chosen out of 2,100 hopefuls. He nabbed the part after telling casting directors in a flawless drawl that he was a native of eastern Kentucky, the same area where the character came from; legend has it that the actor watched Coal Miner's Daughter to learn the accent. The intensity of Norton's screen test readings stunned almost all who saw them, and the actor became something of a hot p roperty even before the film was released.

The Character of Huck Finn in Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Fi

The Character of Huckleberry Finn       In human nature, people are generally kind before they are aggressive towards others. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain presents many of his characters as having this type of personality. They exemplify a certain trust of others. They are always hospitable to people they do not know. His characters are also willing to help those in need. Mark Twain presents his characters as being trusting of others, hospitable to strangers, and helpful to those in need.    Two characters in Huckleberry Finn that show they have a trust for others are Jim and Huck. Jim, in fact, may have been too trusting of others. This is shown by the fact that he believed that the king and the duke were royalty, when they were actually only frauds. Jim also trusted Huck enough to know that Huck would not reveal that Jim was a run away slave. Jim went to Huck in his times of need because he trusted that Huck would be there for him. Huck was also trusting of people. He trusted that Jim would not reveal that he was still alive. He also tr...

Indegenous People Native Tile

Native title is a concept in the Australian law. It is a type of continuous ownership of land by local indigenous Australian. However native title can be combined with non-indigenous proprietary rights. Common law and aboriginal law develop this concept In case of any discrepancy between Australian law and customary aboriginal law, the non-indigenous rights will generally prevail. Native title is a land title and it was recognized in Australia during 1992 by the High Court in the Mabo decision. The native title linked with groups of people whom traditional connections between the lands, waters among the aboriginal people.The native title rights recognized under Australian law. The native titleholders protected to get compensation if governments acquire their land or waters for future developments. The native title is different from land rights. Native title is available to Aboriginal groups with traditional ties to land. Hence people who have always lived in the same area can claim n ative title. The native title is recognized by Commonwealth legislation. On 1st September 1995, the Bardi and jawi people of Dumpier Peninsula and islands of Buccaneer Archipelago filed an application for a native title determination.After registration and public notification more than 155 persons were joined as parties to the application. At last the claim was made on behalf of the Bardi and Jawi people. The applicants i. e. Bardi-Jawi people sought a native title determination in regard to land, waters, water courses, reefs, seas and seabed in the Northern Dampier and Kind Sound Regions of Western Kimberley-Lombadina and One Arm Point, Western Australia. The claim of native title rights and interest which includes rights to the possession, occupation, use and enjoyment of the areas.Besides it protection of cultural knowledge also claimed. The main opponent Western Australian Fishing Industry Council and Telstra were opposed the application. Federal Court Judge Robert French had gi ven a judgment in favor of a native tile application by the Bardi and Jawi people. Their claim is at about 1,037-sq. km area of land at the northern end of Dampier Peninsula. This land surrounded by areas of sea to a three nautical mile boundary comprising Aboriginal reserves and unallocated crown land with many of the 900-strong community living on or near the area.The judge also ruled that the Bardi and Jawi people had exclusive rights to the whole of the mainland they had claimed, as well as right to hunt turtle and dugong in waters in the area and to take pearl shell for cultural purposes, which includes the following rights based on the Sec. 225 Native Title Act indicates the rights and interests. The rights include use and enjoyment rights and these are not limited to the following rights § 1. The right to live on the land 2. The rights to access move about on and use the land and waters 3. The right to hunt and gather on the land and waters4. The right to engage in spiritua l and cultural activities on the land and waters 5. The right to access, use and take any of the resources of the land (including ochre) for food, shelter, medicine, fishing and trapping fish, weapons for hunting, cultural, religious, spiritual, ceremonial, artistic and communal purposes 6. Right to refuse, regulate and control the use and enjoyment by others of the land its resources, 7. The right to have access to and use the water of land for personal, domestic, social, cultural, religious, spiritual, ceremonial and communal purposes.In relation to the offshore waters, the rights were limited to non-exclusive rights of access and use of the areas resources. These rights are exercisable in accordance with the traditional laws and customs of the native titleholders and the laws of the State and Commonwealth. However these are subject to the certain other rights and interest such as 1. Use and Benefit of Aborigines 2. Fishing and aquaculture licenses 3. The interest of Telstra Corpo ration Limited 4. Public right to fish and navigate in tidal waters 5.International right of innocent passage The exclusive native title rights cannot be granted in relation to any flowing or underground waters and the taking of resources cannot be done for commercial purposes. Not only the bardi – jawi people or any other persons can be used. LEGAL The Native Title Act, 1993 §, which was in force from 1st January 1994. In order to provide native title rights, the Act was established. The Australia’s legal and parliamentary systems required providing such native rights to the persons in order to enable economic activity.It was forced by the decision of High court in the case of Mabo Vs. State Queens µ land. The determination of native title in a particular area, land or water depends upon the group of persons and their interests. The offshore place means the water within the limits of the State only. BLUE REEF With regard to the Brue Reef, the evidence established its importance in the mythology or cosmology of the applicants, it did not establish that the law devolved rights in relations to land or waters as a result.This leaves the claimant group unable to protect an important spiritual site. Here the judge has placed undue weight on activity-based use-rights of members of the group and thereby discounting the importance of indigenous forms connection to land. Instead more importance to be given the indigenous rights. In the case of Sampi Vs State of Western Australia. The part of Brue Reef, which lies within 12 nautical mile limit. There was no basis disclosed on the evidence of native title rights in Brue Reef and hence the Bardi/Jawi claim was dismissed.The rights and interest claimed that includes access and use and enjoyment of the reef, and it cannot be as an exclusive right. The Blue Reef also comes under non-exclusive right.  § NON-EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS Non-exclusive rights also proposed to be recognized over the inter tidal zones and associated reefs and areas of water. With regard to the Blue Reef area though it may be evidently noticed the use as traditional and occasional visit and it may be religious significance, the exclusive right to use the persons only cannot be issued. However they can go as usual beside all other like people will go.Mere visiting to the places does not confer any privilege to get the exclusive right only particular people should go which attraction of non-violence of international treaties. It was linked with the claim, which was made by the Bardi-Jawi people previously. The rejection of claim will not be amounted to the exploitation of the Bardi-Jawi people. Hence the claim of Bardi-Jawi people with regard to the Blue Reef cannot be entertained which was linked with more than 12 nautical miles of the water. The non-exclusive possession native title rights exist to the Bardi Jawi people.With this they have the right to access, hunt dugong and turtle, and take resources for food, relig ious, spiritual, cultural, ceremonial and communal purposes. It includes used pearl shell for ceremonial purposes in accordance with the traditional laws and customs. EXCUSIVE RIGHTS The rights over land include the right to live on the land, right to access, move about and use the land, the right to hunt and gather, the right to engage in spiritual and cultural activities, the right to use resources including food and ochre and the right to refuse, regulate and control the use of the land by the others.The rights over areas of water include the right to use and enjoy the reefs and associated water, the right to hunt and gather, including for dugong and turtle and the right to use the resources for food, trapping fish, religious, cultural and ceremonial purposes. Their basic claim was registered in the case lies only with three nautical mile limit back to the commencement point. The claim of Bardi Jawi people first lodged in 1995. Before the claim went to trial and later amended the area from 12 nautical miles offshore to three nautical miles.Hence the claim again cannot be entertained, which was already decided with the three nautical miles of the water. ADVISE TO THE COUNSEL Based on the above, it is identified the following suggestions for which counsel may not entertain the Bardi-Jawi arguments. 1. The claim of Bardi-Jawi people for extension of 12 nautical lines cannot be entertained since they have claimed earlier for three nautical miles only. Once the decision was made cannot be reopened in the same issue. If it is accepted again they will raise for another. 2.With regard to the Blue Reef, which extends beyond sixteen nautical miles from the coast cannot be entertained. Traditional custom is not exclusive right for which every other person can also go. Though it is evidenced by several years that Bardi-Jawi people are using and going for religious significance, exclusive right rights cannot be permitted. 3. The native title right cannot be recognized o n the sea beyond 12 nautical miles, which attract the violation international treaties. The distinction between the existence of native title under traditional law and custom and its recognition by the common law was made in Fejo Vs.Northern Territory, 1998.  µ 4. Those rights and interests will be continued in spite of non- recognition by the common law may be taken into account in the definition of the connection with land and waters, which indigenous people may have by virtue of their traditional laws and customs. 5. The Bardi-Jawi also granted previously non-exclusive rights, which they have been protected sufficient and they can go for the Blue Reef as usual, but it is not exclusive right. 6. The State government power is on nautical miles only up to 3.Hence Bardi-Jawi claim beyond 12 nautical miles cannot be entertained under any stage. Australian Fishing Industry Council and Commonwealth Government will exercise the rights. The commonwealth government has concurrent jurisdi ction with the State in the claim jurisdiction with the three nautical mile limit to the 12 nautical mile limit. The commonwealth has sole jurisdiction beyond the 12 nautical mile limit around Brue Reef. The claimants made a petition for claiming a native title of the land, which is surrounded by an area of sea to a three nautical mile boundary only.Hence more than the claim not permitted for extension beyond three nautical miles still they go for appeals again and again.  § 7. The State government can grant up to three nautical miles since it recognized the role of owners i. e. Bardi-Jawi who have right to exclusive possession of the land, fishing rights up to three nautical mile limit and the right to hunt turtle and dugong and the right to take resources from Brue Reef. CONCLUSION While taking the decision in connection with bardi-jawi, the following must be noticed by the decision makers.In the Australia, the native tile to land has been established by taking the sources of tr aditional laws and customs of indigenous peoples. The principles of international law linked with the decisions taken in connection with native tile to land. The native law has been developed and justified in the Australia based on different colonial histories and styles of the community were acknowledged. * REFERENCES Appendices, http://www. nntt. gov. au/publications/AR_20052006/appendices. asp? PrintContent=True Australian Constitution Act, http://www. austlii. edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/ Claimants celebrate native title decision, 2005, http://www. theage. com. au/news/national/claimants-celebrate-native-title-decision/2005/06/10/1118347602071. html Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, http://www. austlii. edu. au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/nta1993147/s4. html Focus: Native Title – September 2005, http://www. aar. com. au/pubs/nat/fontsep05. htm Frequently Asked questions, http://www. nativetitle. wa. gov. au/about_FAQs. aspx International Law, http://www. ohchr. org/ english/law/index. htm Native Title Act, 1993, http://www. austlii. edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/nta1993147/ Office of Native Title, State Government agency, Western Australia, http://www. nativetitle. wa. gov. au/ Racial Discrimination Act, 1975, http://www. austlii. edu. au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/rda1975202/ Sampi v State of Western Australia (No 3) [2005] FCA 1716, http://www. atns. net. au/agreement. asp? EntityID=3203 http://www. ministers. wa. gov. au/ripper/docs/speeches/bardiprogress. pdf http://www. aph. gov. au/Senate/committee/ntlf_ctte/completed_inquiries/2002-04/nat_nattitle_trib/report/report. pdf http://ntru. aiatsis. gov. au/ntpapers/ip04v3. pdf

Travelling For Education

Due to the miserable situations of Lebanese students and their long years of suffering from the bad educating services and due to the absence of responsibility toward university students and the difficulty of finding jobs. The researcher in this paper shows the attention to this problem. Traveling For Education It was become a fashion trend that more and more people choose to go abroad to study. Some people think it is great experience while on the country , some others think it is not good at all!Despite of the importance of studying abroad and the presence of scientist that have raised Lebanon's name abroad , there are still oppositions to the views of this idea that prefer to stay in Lebanon despite of all its problems that they suffer from . Students in Lebanon should study outside for many reasons. General atmosphere is not suitable to study in Lebanon on all levels. The lack of raw materials in Lebanon led to the weakness of electricity and this case does not fit college studen t who needs a convenient means for study and research. In addition to the electricity obstacle we  notice the non-existence of laboratories, libraries and research centers, the state does not give an adequate attention to this deficiency, which leads for big effort toward the college student.For example , there is only one public library that opened new in Nabtieh † centre de lecture et d'animation culturelle † beside the red cross and it does not have the media support to be a know place to come to it. In addition to all problems that Lebanese students face we have an initial problem by students that is the lack of comfort in government universities , and when they resort  Ã‚  to private universities that are more comfortable with all they need for studying they will be shocked by the high cost that they can't afford which lead them to depression , and we will not forget the non-support for the best students that government must appreciate and have a look for them. Going abroad to study means far more than learning. The book† Intercultural journeys from study to residence abroad † ( Jackson , 1954) talk about this issue.This book focuses on the actual experiences of college students who travelled from their homes to foreign lands, the author  explores the linkage between intercultural awareness and sensitivity, language development , and identity reconstruction in young adult college learners. Generally, the first thing you need to do is to survive in a foreign nation. Where to find a place to live? How to deal with transportation? How to cook food? All these are the things you have to think and depend on yourself.Students who study abroad have to take care of themselves, and these questions are used the Lebanese students who don't want to travel abroad. Without parents, you can learn how to arrange their  own issues and do everything by yourself better. This is what we call independent awareness. Studying abroad cultivate your independent awareness and capability of taking care yourself. It is   always a tough time when living in a country that is totally new to you and facing all kinds problems. One you overcome them , you get the ability to live on your own. This is great, when the people of your age still enjoying their lives under the protection of their families, you begin to experience life.We take this factor as the most important advantage as it teaches you the basic ability to live your life. No one but yourself can teach you this! Everyone needs to be enriched with more experience and be more mature. Studying abroad means you set yourself into a circumstance that is totally different to you. You can enjoy a new culture all by yourself: people's thoughts and behaviors and the way people live are the first-hand to you , is not this great ? Cultural differences are more than just differences in language, food, appearances, culture and personal habits.A person's reflects very deep perceptions, be liefs, and values that influence his or her way of life and the way that he or she views the world. Students who experience cultural differences personally can come to truly understand where other cultures are coming from.You can greatly increase your adaptability to what we call the † Global Village† in your potential career ( Dixon , 2009 ) . Only knowing cultural difference is not enough, studying abroad has a lot more to explore! seeing the beautiful sceneries of a nation, volunteering   in social work and communicating with local people are all up to you. By studying abroad you know more about the world, no matter academically or physically. Knowing more a and experiencing more help you think rationally and behave maturely. The things above are the most important and valuable advantages we can think of. And of course there are much more that hat we mentioned , learning and mastering a new manage or having the chance to travel may also be the advantages that attrac t you. Do not hesitate, going abroad to study do offer you great improvement!

Consulting Services in Information Technology Essay

Before discussing the role of consulting service firms in procurement of Information Technology resources and solutions, we will first describe some rules of thumb that dictate the selection process for aforesaid purpose. The basic rule is â€Å"the simpler the better†, but this often leads to oversimplification of complex tasks (Braley, 2009) and we must avoid wastage of time and resources that occurs due to unnecessary attention to detail. There is a myth that a well-written contract is of primary importance in procurement process. This assumption is not true and leads to a lack of effort in making things go right. Next rule is that one must not sacrifice effectiveness of day to day data collection and other important activities on the assumption that output is the sole primary concern of the system. Schedule of projects must be realistic, which is rarely the case, leading to a myth that projects never complete on time (Braley, 2009). Having discussed some of the myths and realities of IS procurement, we will now compare and contrast the approaches of different consultancy firms in selection process. Accenture is a worldwide corporation that provides services in the areas of outsourcing, management consulting and technology (Accenture, 2009). As their value proposition â€Å"High Performance. Delivered. † suggests, they value constant innovation to perform better and their results show that their commitment to their clients is exemplary. Extensive research is their strongest arm which lets their clients procure the best available solution to their specific problems. Accenture works together with customers, including governments, to help them perform much better (Accenture, 2009). Their 2008 revenues were in excess of $25 Billion and income was around $1. 6 Billion showing strong growth from their 2007 results (Wikipedia, 2009). In contrast, Infosys, based in India, has slightly different values but the same quest for excellence. This $4 Billion revenue generating company provides technology-enabled business solutions to help businesses win in a Flat World (Infosys, 2009). The term Flat World is of key importance here. Their philosophy of by passing structural issues and minimizing bureaucratic hassle is embedded in this term. Today, they lead worldwide in the â€Å"next generation† of IT and consulting (Infosys, 2009). Their philosophy enables them to use IT to introduce dynamism in a corporation to make it flexible to adapt to rapid changes in today’s world. We discussed two successful IT consultants with very different philosophies but one goal: to provide their clients with the specific solutions that make them leaders in their fields. Accenture believes in extensive research and harnesses its power, whereas Infosys flattens an organization for timely and helpful results. The rules of thumb, that we discussed earlier, are evidently practiced within both consultancies we discussed. For example, Accenture practices the simplicity rule when it uses research to know exactly what is required by client and the level of understanding of end users. Infosys does not let perfection of RFP hinder its flat world dream by putting least emphasis on mere documentation and more focus on tangible results. One trend in today’s IT market is for more and more IT consultancy firms to venture into solution-builder business themselves (Wikipedia, 2009). This diversifies their market portfolios and increases their customer base. We conclude our discussion by pointing out that the trend mentioned above is good for customers as it provides them complete IT solutions within one roof. Both the consultancies we discussed aim to be that one roof for governments and corporate clients.

George Orwell Webquest

His experience in Sp Alan was the defining moment of Rowel's political awakening. He left Spain with a life Eng hatred of totalitarianism, and this stance formed the basis of all of his following work s. 3. The book Animal Farm reflects on events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 191 7 and then onto the Stalin era in the Soviet Union. It was critical of Joseph Stalin and based off of Rowel's belief that the Soviet union had become a brutal dice tutorship. The novel is an allegory. 4. 1984 was published on June 8th, 1949. The novel was based on a British Labor Party.Orwell warned against the Russian state. Orwell died in a London hoses tall on January 21 SST, 1950. Topic II Totalitarianism Totalitarianism is the political concept that the citizen should be totally subject t to an absolute state authority. 2. Bonito Mussolini coined the term totalitarian to describe the new fascist state of Italy. 3. Three examples of totalitarian are Italy in the 1 sass and Germany and Japan I n the asses. 4. Stalin transformed the Russian economy as part of his five year plan by rapid growth Of heavy industry and increased farm production through acclimatization of agric ultra.Russian's totalitarian state controlled people and the media with Stalin's used propaganda, censorship, and terror to force his will on the Soviet people, the government newspapers glorified work and Stalin himself, and secret police s pied on citizens, and anyone who refused to praise Stalin and the state faced severe punishment, even death 5. Mussolini's totalitarian party was called fascist party 6. Three ways Mussolini and his party controlled the media were appointing Fast cists to top offices, censoring the press, and organizing a secret police, and banning a y criticism of the government. 7. Everything in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state. † was Mussolini's well known slogan. 8. The purges occurred in 1 930 and were aimed at extermination Of those who o opp osed industrialization and the kulaks (Wolff farmers and entrepreneurs, who opposed acclimatization). 9. 36% of the communist party membership was purged. 10. The purge of the Red Army Officer Corps was a power play which resulted in S Italian consolidating his power as leader of the Soviet Union. During the prewar peer d he systematically imprisoned and/ or executed thousands of his own military officers.

Heineken Canada Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Heineken Canada - Research Paper Example Heineken has a strategically plotted acquisition policy to create commanding positions in key national markets. It tends to acquire major shares in national or local breweries that have strong national brands so as to have a good coverage of the regional or national market.Secondly, the company has a new top management structure aimed at driving and supporting growth as a global organization. It has also created a new mores stream Executive Board to connect operations, functions, and finance in a more effective way to create strengths for global functions and operating regions.Finally, Heineken believes in the delivery and concept of quality thereby creating benefit and value for Heineken as well as their reputation.Heineken mainly targets all adult consumers. However, its commercials portray its drinkers as successful, sociable, and fun revealing that it mainly targets successful middle-class men. It targets males from the ages of 22-35 particularly those who follow sports, like rug by because they completely support the Irish Rugby Heineken Cup. Nonetheless, nowadays Heineken also addresses the young in the population through differentiated mass market strategy. It also uses new packaging and a new format to attract women.The products of Heineken Canada are used across the globe. Its products are widely used and enjoyed in most cultures and countries around the world due to its strong brand recognition. It has been successfully exported and distributed to every corner of the world.

Death in venice long Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Death in venice long - Essay Example How does Aschenbach’s homosexuality slot into the bigger image of Death in Venice and why, in spite of of Wagner’s view on Borgade’s manifestation, could this be hard? Through a study of Visconti’s movie, I wish to illustrate that similar gender attraction in Death in Venice functions to expound more on the states of art and living as associating to the homosexual perspective of the twentieth century era. To perform this, I will foremost investigate the past perspective of both the movie/ manuscript’s plot in the era of twentieth century and its association to the Visconti output of the 1970’s era. How is Viscontis movie and Aschenbach’s similar gender attraction function in the two, the plan’s and the movie’s relevant past sites in time and secondly, the notion of the (gay) performer in Visconti’s movie. How does the thought of the homosexual performer associate to both the fictional Aschenbach and to Visconti him self (Santas 156). Lastly, the examination of the association that the homosexual performer in the past, by Death in Venice, had to ability and living will has review. What importance does aschenbach’s lure to Tadzio have in view of his behavior like a (purposely) unsuccessful, dying performer and how does Visconti apply this to convey his communication. Initially, the past perspective of the manuscript’s plot including Visconti’s 1971 creation shall have consideration. Whereas Death in Venice can function precise like an eternal â€Å"tale concerning longing and fascination†, it is in addition extremely much a â€Å"mise-en-scene of the homosexual state in a particular past epoch†. This past era, if people are to agree Mann’s wife’s accounts concerning their real festival in Venice, which motivated the manuscript, could have been 1911, a decade prior to the manuscript had publication and yet extremely applicable when the manuscript c ould have remained initially read. Not so was the matter with Visconti’s job, which in the era of 1970’s would previously have classification like an era section (Santas 158). By then, Mann’s manuscript and as effect Visconti’s movie could have remained just a â€Å"last holiday of a left†¦ sexual administration†, â€Å"longing and obsolete inside the quickly reforming gay traditional perspective†. In quintessence, Mann’s manuscript’s significance at the start of the 20th century was of a rather varying state than Visconti’s movie was in the back 1970’s. Whereas Mann’s manuscript’s regarded gay matters as they had occurrence, Visconti’s movie reminded people of the manner they used to be and as a result illustrated to the people the way they have reformed. The existence of youthful Tadzio’s behavior, whereas not so jolting in the early 1900’s, created a specific problem in t he back 1970’s, mainly with â€Å"the stiffening bans on pedophilia inside socio-medical-juridical dialogue†¦.and reforming ideas of the economic task and sexual uniqueness of the teenager†. Moreover, Tadzio creates a challenge in Visconti’s movie because of the reality that he had to have visualization and therefore specialized instead of emerging more or less like a protrusion of Aschenbach’s brain (Santas 160). Because â€Å"Visconti lacks time to intimate Tadzio into Aschenbach’s awareness as cleverly and skillfully like the real