Clash of identity :: essays research papers

Clash of Identity The difference between Rodriguez’s struggle between identity and Angelou’s struggle is that, Angelou’s identity’s center of focus is her name, while Rodriguez’s identity seems to revolve around his â€Å"complexion†. Although they both wrote about the struggle with their own identity, the views and attitude of the two authors differ. In Richard Rodriguez’s essay â€Å"Complexion† and Maya Angelou’s essay â€Å"Mary† both authors illustrate some hardships they faced during their life, such as their experience with racism and prejudice. In spite of the fact that they are both faced with similar situations, the actuality that sets apart their characters is how they dealt with each of their situations. Rodriguez attitude about himself during his childhood was largely influenced by his family, especially his mother, â€Å"Dark skin was for my mother the most important symbol of a life of oppressive labor and poverty.†(Rodriguez. 451), people who worked in fields and construction sites spent most of their time under the sun, causing their â€Å"complexion† to darken, so it was assumed that a person with dark skin was a menial laborer. Rodriguez’s mother would commonly point out his dark complexion by comparison with the poor and the black, at one time she told Rodriguez, â€Å"You look like a negrito†¦ you won’t be satisfied till you end up looking like los pobres†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Rodriguez 447). His mother’s friends would also often talk of what a burden or a curse it was, to have dark skin, â€Å"†¦ it was a woman’s spoken concern: the fear of having a dark-skinned son or daughter.†(Rodriguez 449), Rodriguez is illustrating t hat in his culture, people preferred light skin children over dark skin, knowing that a light skinned child would not face as much prejudice a dark skinned child would growing up. In contrast, Margaret wasn’t ashamed of her skin, or being of different color, she was proud of her race and ethnicity, at the beginning she expresses her pride through her relatives accomplishment, â€Å"†¦my grandmother had owned the only Negro general merchandise store since the turn of the century.†(Maya 3), this she said to a Texas women, when asked about her hometown.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rodriguez and Angelou both expressed their struggled in search for their own identity in their essay. Margaret’s identity was compromised when Margaret was called out of her original name. Margaret’s name was casually changed by Mrs. Cullinan, â€Å"That’s too long she’s Mary from now on†(Maya 6).

Spring Break Essay

Dylan Farmer 1/24/2012 English 101 Spring break is mainly a time of partying for most teenagers that go to my high school, but I was off to California with my girlfriend’s family to pretty much explore a whole other side of the U. S. California is the place that every person and the world wants to go for their spring break. I was very happy that my girlfriend’s mom is a travel agent, so we got a pretty good deal for the prices of our flight and on the hotel prices. Just for extra fun we drove to Chicago and stayed there for two nights. We explored downtown Chicago, all the amazing buildings.We even got to go into the old Sears Tower, which was something that I think everyone needs to see. It's probably one of the best sights I've ever seen, other than the fact I've only seen a good view going down Quincy hill near my hometown. I forgot to mention that when we left for our flight to California that was going to be my first time ever flying on an airplane. It was very exc iting to fly, especially since it was going to be a long three hour flight. I felt like a little kid again when the flight attendant gave me my wings for flying for my first time.Not all people in the world get to experience flying, so I thought I was pretty lucky to get to enjoy this experience. We arrived in Los Angeles, California. The hotel we stayed in was one of the best hotels I've ever been in. This hotel was so big and fancy, and the weight room that was there was bigger than the fitness center back home. This hotel also had two pools. The outdoor pool looked really beautiful, because it had a giant water fall leading into the pool, but it was closed down while we were was staying there, so I just used the normal everyday hotel pool, which was indoors.It was very incredible to see something like this on how beautiful a single hotel could be, and look. Exploring the streets of California was really fun. I adventured through the fashion district, which has a lot of cheap item s. There was some kid trying to sell me copyrighted DVDs, which I actually bought, but out of the three I bought, but only one of the movies worked. One of the obvious reasons of why I went to California was that I got to see all the amazing sites that all normal tourists go and see.We all walked around the Sanna Monica Pier, Manhattan Pier, and also to the great Venice beach. It was very pretty place to see all the people walking around and all the little gift shops on the beach. However, out of the three piers I went to, the Manhattan Pier was one of my favorites, because I got to see my first dolphin, which was pretty awesome, and I never thought I’d actually have the chance to see one with the little time that I was there. Later in that week our last trip was to Hollywood Boulevard, which was a crazy place to meet some weird people.There was a lot of people singing, dancing, selling stuff, or any other random ways to make a dollar. Hollywood Boulevard was still a very int eresting place, seeing all the stars on the ground with some hand print in it or their writing. One pretty interesting thing that I noticed is that Muhammad Ali’s star was the only one that was hanging up, because all the other stars where just on the ground, but I guess he was the fighter of America. When it was about time to leave California, I was feeling something different than usual, like I didn't want to go back home just right yet.I just wanted to stay there and enjoy the sun. I knew that my spring break had to end at some point, though It was just amazing how different the society was here than Michigan. I think I liked it better here, but that is probably because I’m not living here 24/7 like I am in Michigan. I thought to myself how I would rather go on vacations than partying for my spring break. Spring break is where one can actually learn about a different state and see new sightings for the first time. It was a great experience to go on this trip to Cali fornia.

Operations Management in Tesco Essay

Introduction In this assignment we will look at three aspects of operations management, which are Finance, human resource and information technology at an organisation. To understand the concepts better we have selected the case of Tesco Plc., UK. PART A: Managing Finance Financial management is a very important component of the operation management at a company. The role of the financial management at the company is to purposefully management the financial resources; present the performance of the organisation in financial terms. (Brigham E.F. and Ehrhardt M.C., 2010) The financial management has to acquire the required capital required for achievement of strategic and tactical objectives at a low cost. The financial management has to anticipate the financial result and maintain the financial balance as per the company’s needs. Information received by the Financial Management at Tesco The information that is of importance to the financial management of Tesco is * The investment cost of the funds on the capital market. * The  current rates of exchange that are prevalent in the market and short term interest’s rates that s prevalent in the monetary markets. * The financial management synthesises information that provides new investment opportunities available to the company. The financial management tries to make innovation in the financial field with the help of new financial instruments that are available in the market. Decisions taken by Financial Management of Tesco Plc. Based on the information, the financial management has to make critical decisions regarding finance of the company: * The financial management has to take decagons on the interest rates at which the company is willing to take loans. * It has to predict the future cash flow needs of the company. * The company has to make decision on the long term debt and short term loans while also making decision on the issue of shares and the option of self-financing. * The management has to make decision on the risk management technique to be adopted along with the financial impacts of the project that the company has undertaken on the financial health of the company. Role of Financial Institutions in Financial Decision Making Financial institutions are responsible for distributing financial resources to the users in planned manner. (Mondy R.W., 2009) There are different financial institutions in the market that specialise in collecting funds as well as lending it to different organisation to carry out their projects. The examples of financial institutions include banks, credit unions, asset management firms, building societies and stock brokerages. The financial institution can be categorised as * Deposit Taking Institutions * Finance and Insurance Institutions * Investment Institutions * Pensions providing institutions * Risk management institutions While there are government financial agencies who assigned to carry out the regulatory and supervisory function of different other institutions. The financial institutions have been integral in satisfying the financial and  management needs of different industries and this has also shaped the national economic scene. Deposit taking institution are mainly concerned with accepting deposits, providing commercial loans, real estate loans, mortgage loans and issuing share certificates. The finance companies provide loans, inventory financing and indirect consumer base, the companies gets funds form these institutions thorough the issue of bonds and other obligations. The insurance companies have become an integral part of a company’s financial obligations. The insurance companies also provide a different investment options and also provide loans for a number of purposes. The financial institutions such as stock, exchanges, commodity markets, futures, currency and options exchange are involved in creating and providing ownerships for financial claims. (Mondy R.W., 2009) These financial institution mange price change risks and maintain liquidity in the market. Through the various instruments the institutions provide investment opportunities and help businesses to generate funds for various purposes. The various investment banks are responsible for a number of financial activities such as underwriting securities, selling securities to investors, providing brokerage services and providing fund raising advice. Analysis of the Financial Statement of Tesco Plc. The financial statement is periodic documents that are published by companies to show the company’s financial performance. The information from financial statement is important for internal and external purposes. The financial statements are used by the employees and management for their own information about the company while the manager use tit to plan future activities and compare performances of departments in financial terms. The statements can also be sued to compare with other company’s statement to compare the performance on a macroeconomic level. A financial abatement mainly consists of four main components which are balance sheets, profit and loss account, cash flow statements and income statement. Each component has different function which can be lined out as: Balance Sheets: It provides the financial situation of the company as a whole. It records the tangible and intangible goods that the company owes or owns. The three categories in a balance sheet are assets, liabilities and shareholders’ equity. The assets are basically categorised in to current assets, fixed assets and other  assets. The liabilities section of the balance sheet consists of current liabilities and long term liabilities. The shareholders equity represents the net worth of the company. In balance sheet, the shareholder’s equity is calculated as the sum of liabilities and net worth. Profit and Loss Account: it summarizes the incomes and expenses of a company in a given period of time. This includes accruals which are incomes that will be realised only after the particular profit and account was prepared. Cash Flow Statements: These statements are very important to predict the future flow of finance in the company. The cash flow statement is concerned with understanding if there is enough money for all the activities and expenses of the company and stands as a good measure for a company’s liquidity. Income Statement: The income statements are used to measure the company’s sales and expenses over a specific period of time. They are prepared at the end of each financial year and shows the results of the operation of the company I the given time. The financial health of the company will also be analysed using Ratio Analysis, The Analysis of Financial Performance of Tesco Financial statement analysis is concerned with identify the strengths and weaknesses of the company’s finances and establish the relationship between the different financial statements. Tools and Techniques: There are various tools and techniques that have been identified to conduct financial analysis. The tools and techniques are categorised in to (Brigham E.F. and Ehrhardt M.C., 2010) * Horizontal and Vertical Analysis: The horizontal analysis is the comparison of two or more financial data. It represents the changes between years in both monetary and percentage form. While Vertical analysis is concerned with the preparing ad presenting common sized statements. * Ratios Analysis: The ratio analysis is considered to be the most powerful toll for analysing the financial health of the company, ratio simply means one number expressed in terms of the other. There are many forms of ratio analysis satisfying different functions which are profitability ratios, liquidity ratios, activity ratios, long term solvency ratios and leverage ratios. Table 1) Financial Ratio of Tesco Plc. Ratio/ Year| 2009| 2010| 2011| Gross Profit Margin| 7.6%| 7.8%| 8%| Operating Profit Margin| 5.91%| 5.88%| 6.07%| Return on Assets| 7.06| 4.69| 5.08| | | | | Return on Capital Employed| 7.06| 4.68| 5.07| Current Ratio|

Having a Job in High School Has More Benefits Than Just a Paycheck

Having a Job in High School Has More Benefits Than Just a Paycheck SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Having a job used to be a rite of passage for high school students. They’d put in some hours during the school year and over the summer and often be able to pay for most of their college expenses with the money they earned.However, as today’s current high schoolers are facing piles of homework, pressure to excel on sports teams and clubs, and tuition costs that no entry-level job could ever cover, many people are rethinking the concept of high schoolers working. Are there still benefits to having a job in high school?Yes. There are many reasons for a high school student today to have a job, and those benefits extend far beyond just a paycheck. Having a job in high school can not only be a great experience in and of itself, it can also set you up to get even better jobs in college and beyond.In this article, I use my experience of working as a teenager to go over the key benefits of having a high school job. I also end by giving tips on the best jobs for high school students. My High School Work Experience When I was 14 years old, my mother told me that I needed to get a job in order to pay for college. Happy with my sporadic babysitting work, I resisted and told my mother that, no matter what job I got, I’d never be able to pay for college on a high school worker’s salary. To prove my point, I even got a calculator and showed her it’d take several years of full-time work on a minimum wage salary to cover college costs. My mother dismissed those arguments and told me that there were plenty of other reasons why I should get a job beyond just the paycheck. So I found myself applying for and eventually accepting a job as a swim instructor and lifeguard at my town’s local pool.I ended up working at the pool through all four years of high school and eventually was promoted to a manager position. In the summer, I’d teach swim lessons in the morning and lifeguard in the afternoon, and during the school year I’d teach swim lessons weekend mornings and supervise the office occasional weekday evenings. Not everything about the job was great, and there were times I hated jumping in the pool on cold mornings and trying to convince cranky kids to follow my instructions, but overall, like my mother said, I got many benefits from the job beyond just the paycheck (although having spending money of my own was definitely nice). At my job, I made lots of new friends, more than I had made in high school actually. I also gained numerous skills including CPR training and office experience.Additionally, I was also able to use my work experience (as well as my experience as a manager) to stand out from other job applicants in college and get a paid research job as a freshman in college. Having a job in high school gave me work experience, independence, and a better idea of the type of career I wanted, and many other high school students can benefit from having a job.Even if the job doesn’t pay well, or relate to your future career, or seem all that fun, there are still tons of benefits to having a high school job, and we’ll go over them in this article. The 6 Key Benefits of High School Jobs There are numerous benefits to getting a job in high school, some of which are obvious and others less so. This section covers six of the main benefits you can expect to get from having a job as a high school student. #1: You’ll Earn Money The most obvious benefit to getting a job in high school is that you’ll be making money. Now, since you’re starting at the bottom rung of the ladder, this likely won’t be a ton of money. When I first started working, I made the princely sum of $5.25 an hour (before taxes), and that’s not going to make anyone rich. However, even the salaries of low-paying jobs begin to add up over time, and since you’re in high school, your expenses are very low or non-existent. That means you can put all that money towards whatever you want, like a college fund or new clothes or attending concerts, instead of having to pay bills and students loans. My parents recommended that I put half my paychecks in my savings account, so I did that and used the other half to buy an expensive guitar that I could have never have afforded without my job.And even if your high school job is an unpaid internship or volunteer work, not to worry. There are plenty of other benefits of a high school job, which we discuss below. #2: You’ll Learn New Skills No matter what your first job is, even if it seems incredibly easy and/or incredibly boring, you’re guaranteed to pick up skills you didn’t have before.These skills can include anything from learning how to work a cash register, to building customer service skills, to figuring out the trick to balancing all those restaurant dishes on your arms at once. The skills you learn may not be that interesting to you, and they may not be anything close to the skills you need for your future career, but it never hurts to gain new knowledge. It may end up being interesting or useful to you down the line. At my job, I learned how to teach different swimming strokes, how to administer CPR, and a host of first-aid skills. These are all pretty helpful to know, however; I didn’t end up using most of them in my future jobs. The main skill that was useful for other jobs I had down the line was learning how to use a pretty obscure computer program to track pool visitor numbers. It was clunky and annoying to learn, but, years later, I applied to an internship that also used the same program, and my future boss told me that having that random skill helped me beat out the competition and get the job. So don’t knock any of the skills your job teaches you because they may come in handy someday. #3: You’ll Gain Work Experience In addition to learning new skills, your high school job will help you gain valuable work experience. Everyone goes through a learning curve when they first begin working as they learn how to manage their time effectively, how to interact with coworkers, how to make sure they get to work on time, etc. No matter what other strengths you have, you’re going to be a pretty bad employee until you figure those basic work skills out. This is why a lot of employers are hesitant to hire someone who’s never worked before, even if they have great grades and otherwise seem like they could be an excellent worker. A few months after I started working, my job had a mandatory meeting one night that every employee had to go to. However, I didn’t go because, for some reason, I didn’t believe it was really mandatory or important for me to attend that meeting. Afterwards, I got a stern talking to from my boss and it was embarrassing, but it’s better to make those mistakes early on, when the stakes are low and your boss is more likely to be understanding. By college, with four years of work experience under my belt, I definitely wasn’t making those beginner mistakes during my research job. So, even if your high school work experience only amounts to flipping burgers for a summer at your local fast food joint, that can still give you a huge leg up over people with no work experience when you apply to jobs in college and later on. If you start learning the skills to being a good employee in high school, you’ll set yourself up to be an outstanding employee later on down the line. So make your mistakes now instead of later (but don’t make the same mistake I did because that was pretty dumb of me). #4: You’ll Learn More About What Kind of Career You Want As a high school student, you’ve likely spent a lot of time thinking about the type of career you want to have, even if you haven’t come to any firm conclusions about what you want to do. Thinking about and researching different types of jobs is great, but the best way to figure out what you want to do is to actually try different jobs out. Now, your high school job likely isn’t the job you want to get after you finish school, but it’s still a great way to get a taste of the working world and figure out which things you enjoy in a job and which you don’t. When I was a teenager, I was pretty sure I was going to be a scientific researcher and possibly a professor. That career had nothing to do with my high school job of teaching swim lessons and being a lifeguard. However, I was able to use my high school work experience to get a better idea of what kind of job I would enjoy. One of the best ways to do this was to think about what I liked and what I didn’t like about my high school job. Things I liked included being around people, being active and outside, and working with kids. Things I disliked included knowing I was responsible for the safety of everyone in the pool, giving kids low marks on their swimming tests, and dealing with parents who were angry their child didn’t pass to the next swim level. None of this radically changed my career goals, but it did encourage me to consider having a job that let me do more than just sit at a desk or in a lab, and it made me think more critically about being a professor, where I’d regularly have to give out low grades and speak with unhappy students and parents. #5: You’ll Meet New People Unless your high school job involves sorting old moss specimens in a warehouse by yourself (a job I also once had), you’ll meet lots of new people at work.Your coworkers will likely be people you wouldn’t have met otherwise, which is a great way to expand your social circle beyond your high school friends and learn more about different types of people. Many workplaces that employ high school students have a lot of similarly-aged people working there who often develop a strong camaraderie, which means your new coworkers could end up being some of your best friends. However, there’s also the possibility that you won’t like someone you work with, whether this is your boss, customers you need to help, or that one coworker who steals everyone else’s lunch. And even though that’s not as fun as being friends with everyone you work with, it’ll help prepare you for the many times in the future you have to work with or interact with someone you’re not crazy about. #6: You’ll Gain Independence One of the most important benefits of teenager jobs is that you’ll achieve a degree of independence you likely haven’t experienced before.As a high school student, you’ve probably lived your entire life with your parents and been under their rules or your school’s rules when you’re in class. At a job, you’re deemed responsible enough to manage your own duties, and you’ll have fewer restrictions than you likely do at home or school. As an employee, you’re not just a student or a kid; you’re a full-fledged member of the team who’s considered smart enough to handle some responsibility. Your teacher won’t be there to tell you to stop talking and pay attention, and your mom won’t be there to remind you to clean up after yourself. You’ll be responsible for taking care of all your job duties yourself. Some people worry that teenagers who have jobs give up their childhood too soon and take on too much responsibility, but in my experience and the experience of my friends who worked as teenagers, I never found this to be true.My job, even when I worked full-time in the summer, still gave me plenty of time to socialize and have fun, and I was proud to feel more â€Å"grown up† and know I was trusted by my boss to do my job well. Succeeding at a job and earning moneyall on your owncan help you gain a lot of independence and self-confidence, and it’s a great way to help prepare you for college and the future when your responsibilities and independence will only increase. What Are the Best Jobs for Teens? Sometimes high school students and their parents worry about what the â€Å"best† job for a teenager to have is or if the job they’re thinking about taking is good enough.The truth is that most teenager jobs are about the same prestige-wise. Working as a waitress is no better or worse than working in customer service or at a summer camp. Each of those jobs can provide the benefits we discussed in this article. No one is expecting a high schooler to get a job as an investment banker or astrophysicist, so don’t worry about a job that doesn’t seem like it’s â€Å"good enough.† Many rich and successful people starting out flipping burgers or folding clothes at their local mall. Ditto to people concerned about getting a job in high school that matches the career they want to have. If you can find a job as a high school student that’s in the field you eventually want to work in, that’s great, but be aware most high schoolers take jobs that have absolutely nothing to do with their career paths. That’s OK since your career goals are likely to change between high school and when you actually begin working full-time. The most important thing is just to get a job so you can get the work experience, new skills and added sense of responsibility. It’s OK if you don’t think the pay is that great or the job isn't something you’re really interested in. My first job paid very little and had nothing to do with my career goals, but I still got a lot out of it. If possible, I’d recommend an â€Å"official† job as opposed to under the table work like nannying since the former gives you more experience with common workplace tasks like clocking in and out, attending meetings, and working with managers and coworkers. These are all things you’ll probably need to know for future jobs, so it’s good to start getting used to them now.Workplaces known for treating young and new workers well are also a good bet. Finally, when you’re looking at jobs, make sure they’re convenient for you to get to and will work with your schedule. You don’t want to take a job only to find out a few weeks later that it conflicts with a sport or club you're in. Conclusion: The Benefits of High School Jobs Having a job is not for every high school student; many teenagers these days already have jam-packed schedules between school and sports and clubs. As a junior in high school, I had to cut back on my job hours during the school year because I was feeling overwhelmed with homework.However, for many high school students, there are numerous benefits to be gained by having a job. Not only will high school jobs give you a way to earn some money, meet new people, and gain some more responsibility, you can use your teenager jobs to get yourself a better job in college since can prove to employers you’ve already succeeded at one job. Some people wonder what the best jobs for teens are, but the truth is that any job with a decent boss, fair pay, and work that isn’t too miserable can get you all the benefits we discussed in this article. The most important step is just to go out there and find yourself a job. What's Next? Looking for job ideas?We've written a guide onthe eight best jobs for teensas well as steps to take to find the best job for you. Thinking about getting an internship?We've got you covered! Check out our step-by-step guide to getting an internship for teens for everything you need to know to land a top-notch internship. Looking to save your hard-earned earnings from your high school job? Check out our guides to saving money on the SAT and ACT. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

How to Improve Vocabulary Acquisition

How to Improve Vocabulary Acquisition The process of learning the words of a language  is referred to as vocabulary acquisition.  As discussed below, the ways in which young children acquire the vocabulary of a native language differ from the ways in which older children and adults acquire the vocabulary of a second language.   Means of Language Acquisition Language AcquisitionActive Vocabulary and Passive VocabularyAnnotationContext CluesEnglish as a Second Language (ESL)Lexical CompetenceLexiconListening and SpeechOvergeneralizationPoverty of the StimulusReading and WritingWorld Knowledge The Rate of New-Word Learning in Children ​[T]he rate of new-word learning is not constant but ever increasing. Thus between the ages of 1 and 2 years, most children will learn less than one word a day (Fenson et al., 1994), whilst a 17-year-old will learn about 10,000 new words per year, mostly from reading (Nagy and Herman, 1987). The theoretical implication is that there is no need to posit a qualitative change in learning or a specialized word-learning system to account for the remarkable rate at which young children learn words; one could even argue that, given the number of new words to which they are exposed daily, infants word learning is remarkably slow. (Ben Ambridge and Elena V. M. Lieven, Child Language Acquisition: Contrasting Theoretical Approaches. Cambridge University Press, 2011) The Vocabulary Spurt ​At some point, most children manifest a vocabulary spurt, where the rate of acquisition of new words increases suddenly and markedly. From then until about six years old, the average rate of acquisition is estimated to be five or more words a day. Many of the new words are verbs and adjectives, which gradually come to assume a larger proportion of the childs vocabulary. The vocabulary acquired during this period partly reflects frequency and relevance to the childs environment. Basic level terms are acquired first (DOG before ANIMAL or SPANIEL), possibly reflecting a bias towards such terms in child-directed speech. . .Children appear to need minimal exposure to a new word form (sometimes just a single occurrence) before they assign some kind of meaning to it; this process of rapid mapping appears to help them to consolidate the form in their memory. In the early states, mapping is exclusively from form to meaning; but it later also takes place from meaning to form, as childr en coin words to fill gaps in their vocabulary (spooning my coffee; cookerman for a chef). (John Field, Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts. Routledge, 2004) Teaching and Learning Vocabulary ​If vocabulary acquisition is largely sequential in nature, it would appear possible to identify that sequence and to ensure that children at a given vocabulary level have an opportunity to encounter words they are likely to be learning next, within a context that uses the majority of the words that they have already learned. (Andrew Biemiller, Teaching Vocabulary: Early, Direct, and Sequential. Essential Readings on Vocabulary Instruction, ed. by Michael F. Graves. International Reading Association, 2009)Although additional research is sorely needed, research points us in the direction of natural interactions as the source of vocabulary learning. Whether through free play between peers . . . or an adult introducing literacy terms (e.g., sentence, word), as children engage in play with literacy tools, the likelihood that vocabulary will stick is heightened when childrens engagement and motivation for learning new words is high. Embedding new words in activities that children w ant to do recreates the conditions by which vocabulary learning takes place in the crib. (Justin Harris, Roberta Michnick Golinkoff, and Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, Lessons From the Crib to the Classroom: How Children Really Learn Vocabulary. Handbook of Early Literacy Research, Volume 3, ed. by Susan B. Neuman and David K. Dickinson. Guilford Press, 2011) Second-Language Learners and Vocabulary Acquisition The mechanics of vocabulary learning are still something of a mystery, but one thing we can be sure of is that words are not instantaneously acquired, at least not for adult second language learners. Rather, they are gradually learned over a period of time from numerous exposures. This incremental nature of  vocabulary acquisition  manifests itself in a number of ways. . . . Being able to understand a word is known as  receptive knowledge  and is normally connected with listening and reading. If we are able to produce a word of our own accord when speaking or writing, then that is considered  productive knowledge  (passive/active  are alternative terms). . . .[F]raming mastery of a word only in terms of receptive versus productive knowledge is far too crude. . . . Nation (1990, p.31) proposes the following list of the different kinds of knowledge that a person must master in order to know a word. - the meaning(s) of the word- the written form of the word- the spoken form of the word- the grammatical behavior of the word- the collocations of the word- the register of the word- the associations of the word- the frequency of the word These are known as types of word knowledge, and most or all of them are necessary to be able to use a word in the wide variety of language situations one comes across. (Norbert Schmitt,  Vocabulary in Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, 2000)Several of our own studies . . . have explored the use of annotations in second-language multimedia environments for reading and listening comprehension. These studies investigated how the availability of visual and verbal annotations for vocabulary items in the text facilitates vocabulary acquisition as well as the comprehension of a foreign language literary text. We found that especially the availability of picture annotations facilitated vocabulary acquisition, and that vocabulary words learned with picture annotations were better retained than those learned with textual annotations (Chun Plass, 1996a). Our research showed in addition that incidental vocabulary acquisition and text comprehension was best for words where learners looked up both picture and text annotations (Plass et al., 1998). (Jan L. Plass and Linda C. Jones, Multimedia Learning in Second Language Acquisition. The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning, ed. by Richard E. Mayer. Cambridge University Press, 2005) There is a quantitative and qualitative dimension to vocabulary acquisition. On the one hand we can ask How many words do learners know? while on the other we can enquire What do the learners know about the words they know? Curtis (1987) refers to this important distinction as the breadth and depth of a persons lexicon. The focus of much vocabulary research has been on breadth, possibly because this is easier to measure. Arguably, however, it is more important to investigate how learners knowledge of words they already partly know gradually deepens. (Rod Ellis, Factors in the Incidental Acquisition of Second Language Vocabulary From Oral Input. Learning a Second Language Through Interaction, ed. by Rod Ellis. John Benjamins, 1999)

Compare the travel journal to an online travel blog Essay

Compare the travel journal to an online travel blog - Essay Example In this "Compare the travel journal to an online travel blog" describes similarities and differences of these two tools of communication. Internet has helped people to share information that is often difficult to be acquired. Reference can be made, to blogs and other types of social media. The key difference between a travel journal and an online travel blog should be mentioned: a travel journal is a notebook, similar to a diary. The travel journal is differentiated from a diary at the level that ‘activities are not necessarily noted on a daily basis’ (Inbox Journal 2012). This means that in travel journal notes are kept in regard to a particular travel but the events of certain days may not be documented (Inbox Journal 2012). Notes kept in a travel journal can be changed later, before the publication of the journal, without anyone to notice the alteration of the text. The specific issue is particularly important for the following reasons: a) if a mistake has been made when documenting events, this mistake will not be identifiable by readers if the author of the journal make the necessary corrections before the publication; in online blogs such option is not available as it will be analytically described later; b) events that have been documented in a travel journal can be erased later, and before the publication of the journal; in online blogs the text is directly available to the public, the blog’s visitors; erasing parts of the text could prevent other people from reading these parts.

Marketing assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing assessment - Essay Example For the purpose of fulfilling its motto of quality customer service, Etihad Airways provides its travelers with comfortable and convenient lounge services. The lounges are build using warm services and a well-appointed interior which provides its customers a luxurious and comfortable flight to their destinations. The method of SWOT Analysis is a technique of strategic planning utilized to assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats which are the part of the current project. It pertains to the specifying of project objective and identification of external and internal factors which have been positive and adverse in the achievement of the project objectives. Etihad Airways has built well-furnished, luxurious lounges for its travelers in Abu Dhabi and all around the world. These lounges have spa, refreshment rooms, five start dining, a well-stocked library and other services for its customers. Price is the key element of marketing mix which generates revenues from sale. Besides this, all other elements constitute costs for the business. The element of price is fixed by discovering the customer’s perception regarding the value of item to be